1. Enduring Understandings 1. Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances propelled the industrialized nations into a devastating world war. 2. Advancement of technology changed the nature of global conflict and cooperation. 3. Cooperation among nations may not necessarily be fair for all parties. 1.Review the Battle of the Somme – analyze map and read document on page 9 and answer connected questions on page 10. 2.Review the effects of technology and unconventional weapons by reading pages 12 and 13 – Answer: 1.How did poison gas affect soldiers? 2.Why does poison gas seem such a horrible weapon? 3.How does the scientific and industrial revolutions relate to the Industrial technology reading? 3.Intro to the widening of the war – complete page 14 as we go through the powerpoint. 4.Work with groups on project.

2. The second major battle of the war involving trench warfare is the Battle of Somme – July 1, 1916 to November 18, 1916 France wants Britain to attack Germany to relieve the pressure on Verdun The Germans were forced to move troops to Verdun to defend their positions there. Britain began with a 7 day artillery barrage – 1,738,000 shells were fired The Germans were protected by deep bunkers and trenches The British then charged right into heavy machine gun fire, losing 60,000 on the first day. Bad weather and exhaustion end the offensive with 7 miles gained and 620,000 allied and 500,000 German casualties

4.  Russians and Serbs battle Germans, Austrians, and Turks along the Eastern Front in 1914  Without modern technology, the Russian army was continually short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets; hangs on through sheer strength of its numbers  Allies are unable to ship war supplies to Russia’s ports  The Russian Bolshevik Revolution leads to a change in government and a demand to end the war  Russia loses and then signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending their war and giving land to Germany

6.  By early 1915 it is apparent that chances for an abbreviated conflict have passed  World War I spreads to several continents; Germany’s colonial possessions are seized by the Allies as colonial subjects are recruited for service  Allied Powers sought a means to end the stalemate; Gallipoli campaign begins in 1915

7.  Allied expansion, war moves beyond Europe  Purpose of campaign was numerous… o Secure the Dardanelles Strait o Capture Constantinople o Defeat Turks o Establish supply line to Russia  Effort fails, yet another stalemate

8. Why?  Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare policy – the seas are no longer free  Attack on Lusitania (1915)  Zimmermann Note – attempt to get Mexico to fight for the Germans  Economic/cultural ties with Allies

9. Because World War I spread to several continents, it required the full resources of many governments, thus making it a “total war.” Using this idea of the “total war” concept, governments created propaganda pieces calling on their citizens to join the war effort. The US was the country that produced the most propaganda. Examples of WWI propaganda can be seen on pgs. 360 & 367.WWI propaganda

11.  World War I becomes a total war, and governments take control of national economies  In the U.S. and Europe, citizens undergo rationing of goods  With millions of men at the front, many women go to work in factories and elsewhere

12.  By 1917, the Russian government nears collapse as civil unrest and wartime shortages plague the empire  Czar Nicholas II abdicates his throne in March 1917  Russia pulls out of the war in early 1918  Lenin seizes power

13. War on Eastern Front ends Russia has to give up lands now in: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine, Poland and Finland – all given to Germany

14.  With Russia’s withdrawal, Germany achieves a victory on the Eastern Front  Though Germany’s eastern troops head west, fresh American troops give the Allies an edge to win the second Battle of the Marne  German troops are exhausted – Americans are fresh  German materials are worn down and supplies, including food was very limited – Americans arrive with new machines and lots of food  After the 2 nd Battle of the Marne, Germany is forced to retreat  German citizens are tired, worn out, and fed up with war

15.  Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire surrender  Revolution against emperor of Austria-Hungary  Mutiny in Germany  The Kaiser abdicates,  Germany and the Allies sign an armistice, ending the war on November 11th, 1918