1. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 5 Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice

2. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sources of Knowledge Traditional—passed down from generation to generation Authoritative—comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person’s perceived expertise Scientific—arrived at through the scientific method (research)

3. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false. Traditional and authoritative knowledge are practical to implement, but are often based on subjective data, limiting their usefulness in a wide variety of settings. A. True B. False

4. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer Answer: A. True Traditional and authoritative knowledge are practical to implement but are often based on subjective data, limiting their usefulness in a wide variety of settings.

5. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Types of Knowledge Science—knowledge in and of nursing Philosophy—the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and processes used to construct life Process—conceptual frameworks and theories Historical influences—Florence Nightingale, societal changes Societal influences—schools of nursing

6. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Which of the following is a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result? A. Process B. Science C. Philosophy D. Theory

7. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer Answer: A. Process Rationale: A process is a series of actions, changes, or functions to bring about a desired result taking systematic steps. A science implies a body of knowledge. A philosophy is the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the processes used to develop a perception of life. A theory is composed of a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality.

8. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Framework of Nursing Theory Theory: group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality –Can be tested, changed, or used to guide research Concepts: abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality –Conceptual framework or model

9. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false. A nurse who tests a nursing theory by examining the theory itself and then considering the specific actions or ideas is using deductive reasoning. A. True B. False

10. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer Answer: A. True A nurse who tests a nursing theory by examining the theory itself and then considering the specific actions or ideas is using deductive reasoning.

11. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Types of Reasoning Deductive reasoning—examines general ideas and considers specific actions or ideas Inductive reasoning—builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas

12. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Interdisciplinary Base for Nursing Theories General systems theory—theory for universal application; break whole things into parts to see how they work together in systems Adaptation theory—adjustment of living matter to other living things and environment Developmental theory—orderly and predictable growth and development from conception to death

13. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Benefits of Nursing Theory Directs nurses toward common goal Leads to improved patient care Provides rational and knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions Gives nurses knowledge base necessary for appropriate actions Helps resolve current nursing issues Prepares nurses to question assumptions and values Serves research, education, and practice

14. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Which of the following is the central theme in theoretical frameworks of nursing? A. The person receiving the care B. The healthcare environment C. The nursing plan of care D. The person providing the care

15. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer Answer: A. The person receiving the care Rationale: Theoretical frameworks of nursing provide a focus for nursing care activities. The person receiving care is the central theme, but the way each theorist defines that person, the environment, health, and nursing gives a unique focus, specific to a particular theory.

16. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Goal of Theoretical Frameworks Holistic patient care Individualized care to meet needs of patients Promotion of health Prevention or treatment of illness

17. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Common Concepts in Nursing Theories Person (patient) Environment Health Nursing

18. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Most Important Concept of Nursing Theory–the Person

19. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Goals of Research Develop explanations (in theories) Find solutions to problems

20. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Goals of Nursing Research Improve care of people in clinical setting. Study people and the nursing process. –Education –Policy development –Ethics –Nursing history Develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession. Provide evidence-based nursing practice.

21. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Methods of Nursing Research Quantitative –Involves concepts of basic and applied research Qualitative –Conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings –Based on belief that reality is based on perceptions that differ for each person and change over time

22. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Types of Quantitative Research Descriptive Correlational Quasi-experimental Experimental

23. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Qualitative Research Methods Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Historical

24. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false. The basis of phenomenology is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene. A. True B. False

25. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer Answer: B. False The basis of grounded theory is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene.

26. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Steps of Quantitative Research State the research problem Define purpose of the study Review related literature Formulate hypotheses and variables Select research design Select population and sample Collect data Analyze data Communicate findings and conclusions

27. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Terms in Quantitative Research Variable –Dependent variable –Independent variable Hypothesis Data Instruments

28. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Protecting Rights of Research Subjects Informed consent Federal regulations Review boards

29. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Impediments to Nursing Research Restricted access to resources Limited time to participate in research Lack of educational preparation

30. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Asking Clinical Questions in PICO Format P = patient, population, or problem of interest I = intervention of interest C = comparison of interest O = outcome of interest

31. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Components of a Research Journal Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References