1. SSUSH13 The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era.

2. a. Explain Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and federal oversight of the meatpacking industry. In 1904 Upton Sinclair, a muckraker, published The Jungle. The book was about Chicago meat slaughterhouses and described the horrible conditions in the industry: It became a best seller and caught the attention of Congress and President Roosevelt. In response to the book Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act, as a way of overseeing and inspecting the meat and food industries. “..sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white-it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption.”

3. b. Identify Jane Addams and Hull House and describe the role of women in reform movements Jane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 to provide immigrants with social and educational opportunities and training. It was one of the first “settlement houses” in the U.S. Women during the time period began to become involved in many reform efforts including education, prison, prohibition and women’s rights and suffrage.

4. c. Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP. By the late 1800s some states began to pass laws that limited the rights of African Americans. Voting rights were curtailed by using poll taxes and enforcing grandfather clauses Jim Crow laws were laws that helped enforce segregation, first in the private sector, and then at the state level

5. c. Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP.

6. Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy, an African American by state classification, challenged a law requiring him to ride in a separate railroad car. The case went to the Supreme Court where they ruled against Plessy. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) legalized segregation and discrimination in the U.S. under the separate but equal doctrine. *Plessy was 7/8ths white, but was still classified as “colored” under Louisiana State law*

7. NAACP Founded in 1909 to promote African American voting rights in order to end racial discrimination W.E.B. Du Bois was one of the founding members of the organization

8. d. Explain Ida Tarbell’s role as a muckraker. A muckraker was a journalist who investigated political corruption and social conditions Ida Tarbell focused on John Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Corporation which led to the government breaking it apart.

9. e. Describe the significance of progressive reforms such as the initiative, recall, and referendum; direct election of senators; reform of labor laws; and efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in cities. A major focus of the Progressive Movement was political reform. To give power to the voters: *initiative: allowed citizens to introduce legislation *recall: allowed voters to remove elected officials through a special vote *referendum: allowed proposed legislation to be approved by voters *direct election of senators: The 17 th Amendment was passed in 1913 to give voters the power to elect senators directly in an attempt to prevent corruption

10. Labor Laws Progressives worked to end child labor Factory and mine child workers made less than 60¢ for a 10- hour day Progressives also fought for safer working conditions

11. Progressive worked to improve conditions for the poor The Social Gospel movement worked to better conditions for the urban poor through organizations such as the YMCA, Salvation Army, and settlement houses. Education also played a role in the Progressive Movement with school becoming compulsory and used as a means of assimilating immigrants into American society.

12. f. Describe the conservation movement and the development of national parks and forests; include the role of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt led a conservation movement to conserve mainly western lands from development. Led to the creation of the national park system (Yellowstone).

13. Questions 1.What role did Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle have during the Progressive Movement? 2.What was the purpose of settlement houses? 3. What did the ruling in Plessy v Ferguson help legalize? 4.What was Ida Tarbell’s role in the Progressive Movement?

14. SSUSH14 The student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.

15. a. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast Most Chinese immigrants to the U.S. entered on the west coast. Many Chinese came to the U.S. to escape poverty and civil war in China and to help build the transcontinental railroad. By the 1870s there was strong opposition to Chinese immigration due to the fear of losing jobs to Chinese laborers.

16. Chinese Exclusion Act In 1882 the U.S. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which prohibited any further Chinese immigration for 10 years. This was in part a result of nativism. The Act was not repealed until 1943.

17. b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism. In the1800s many Americans wanted to expand American power overseas in reaction to European Imperialism: a continuation of Manifest Destiny In Cuba, an island controlled by the Spanish, Cuban rebels began to rise up against their Spanish rulers.

18. Spanish-American War Many Americans supported the Cuban rebels In 1898,President McKinley, fearing destruction of American interests, declared war on Spain The American Navy blockaded Cuba and prepared to attack the Spanish controlled Philippine Islands

19. The Philippines The U.S. Navy attacked the Spanish fleet in the Philippines and quickly defeated them. The U.S. then invaded the islands with the aid of Filipino rebels and captured the capital city. The U.S. Army refused to recognize the new rebel government. How do you think the Filipino rebels felt about the U.S. Army?

20. Cuba The U.S. Army invaded Cuba in 1898 After two weeks of fighting the Spanish surrendered Cuba and Puerto Rico Under the treaty the U.S. would annex Puerto Rico and Guam, and Cuba would be given its freedom. Many Americans also wanted to annex the Philippines.

21. The Annexation of the Philippines Supporters of annexation argued that the islands would give the U.S. an economical and military advantage. Anti-imperialists argued against annexation worrying that it would cost too much to support and defend the Philippines. In 1898, the U.S. annexed the Philippines causing Filipino rebels to attack American troops. The uprising was eventually put down, in part by the American ability to stimulate the Filipino economy and promote education and health care systems.

22. c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.

23. Panama Canal To insure a quick response by the U.S. Navy worldwide, President Theodore Roosevelt acquired the Panama Canal Zone in 1903 To acquire the area, which was part of Columbia, the U.S. supported a revolt for Panamanian independence

24. Panama Canal Why build the canal?

25. Roosevelt Corollary (1904) To expand his “big stick” policy, President Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary stating that the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine? How are the Roosevelt Corollary and the Monroe Doctrine connected?

26. Unit 8 Recap

27. PROGRESSIVE ERA Time Period: turn of the twentieth century Beginning of political, social and economic change in the United States Progressives – those who supported reforms during the Progressive Era White, middle class, protestants Government should regulate society

28. PROGRESSIVE ERA Types of government regulations More regulation of business Improve wages for workers Work environment Laws governing morality Define standards for education Stricter regulations over doctors, teachers and lawyers Lower class needed the help of the Middle class to decide what was best for them

29. MUCKRAKERS DEFINED: writers during the Progressive period that exposed abuse in government and big business President Theodore Roosevelt labeled these authors and journalists “muckrakers” because they uncovered the “muck” in U. S. society Muckrakers: Lincoln Steffens – exposed political corruption in St. Louis and other cities Ida Tarbell – abuses in the Standard Oil trust Upton Sinclair – most famous; published novel The Jungle in 1906; exposed the truth about the meat packing industry; led to the creation of a federal meat inspection program

30. MUCKRAKERS Ida Tarbell Upton Sinclair

31. ROLE OF WOMEN Jane Addams – “mother of social work”; opened Hull House, a settlement house; settlement houses established in poor neighborhoods; helped fight for and win new child labor laws

32. PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT AND RACISM Jim Crow laws – common throughout South; allowed segregation; 1896 Supreme court case Plessy vs. Ferguson upheld separate, but equal W. E. B. Dubois – started Niagara Movement (group of black intellectuals); helped start the NAACP in 1909; devoted to progress of the African American community

33. W. E. B. Dubois

34. LABOR LAWS AND LIVING CONDITIONS Living Conditions – reform where poor, urban laborers and immigrants lived How the Other Half Lives – by Jacob Riis; revealed cramped spaces, filthy conditions and dangerous hazards found in the tenements (small, low-income apartments) Contributed to New York passing first laws aimed at improving urban tenements Labor Laws – wanted shorter days; higher wages, and safer work environments; led to passage of legislation…minimum wage, shorter work week and safer conditions

35. POLITICAL REFORMS 17 th Amendment – established that U.S. senators would be elected directly by the people, rather that by state legislatures Other Reforms Initiative – allowed citizens of a state to force a vote on a certain issue without having to wait for public officials to bring it up Recall – gave citizens power to hold special election to remove corrupt officials from office before end of their term Referendum – public officials would be elected by popular vote, rather than by party bosses, or state legislatures

36. REASONS FOR EXPANSION IMPERIALISM – toward end of 19 th century new U. S. attitude developed to reach beyond its borders and acquire more territory Reasons More markets Economic growth National security National pride Moral obligation of the whites to civilize and take democracy to the rest of the world

37. ISOLATIONISM Isolationism: U. S. should not acquire control over foreign territories; Would cause U. S. to be pulled into foreign conflicts; Contradicted the principles of freedom and self- government on which the U. S. was founded

38. THE PACIFIC Pacific was area expansionists in U.S. turned their attention Wanted trade with China and other nations in Southeast Asia William Seward, Secretary of State, purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 Thirty years later purchased Hawaii These two purchases opened trade routes across Pacific and gained valuable territory

39. CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1870s – depression hit west coast of U. S.; people resented cheap labor of Chinese immigrants; racism and acts of violence increased; In 1882 Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 that prohibited further immigration from China for 10 years; after extended and remained in effect until 1943.

40. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR Causes: abuse by Spaniards of Cubans in concentration camps in late1800s; U. S. newspaper articles about abuse (often exaggerated); people wanted U. S. to intervene War starts: February 15, 1898; USS Maine exploded while anchored in a Cuban Harbor; Newspapers blamed Spain; U. S. demanded war U. S. declared War April 1898 Asst. Sec. of Navy Theodore Roosevelt, resigned and led a group known as “Rough Riders” War lasted 3 months U. S. gained Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam Platt Amendment – put limits on what Cuba government could do; gave U. S. 2 Naval bases in Cuba; stayed in effect until 1930s Philippines became a possession of the U. S.

41. USS MAINE – explodes Havana Harbor

42. Theodore Roosevelt led “Rough Riders”

43. U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA PANAMA CANAL- Theodore Roosevelt president; Leased land across the isthmus of Panama to build a canal to connect Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean Provided economic and military interests U. S. controlled land until December 1999

44. PANAMA CANAL

45. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY “BIG STICK” Diplomacy – “speak softly and carry a big stick” (US would not be threatening, but would not hesitate to use force to protect interest) Issued 1904 Expanded Monroe Doctrine Modified it by saying that the US had the right to intervene in the region if a nation had trouble paying debts Roosevelt used collection as excuse to occupy territories in Caribbean or Latin America

46. Big Stick Diplomacy