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Unit IV: Political Organization of Space
AP Human Geography Copeland
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I. Political Geography The study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena
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Territory The effort to control territory is a central motivate of humans The territory of the world is almost completely divided into national units Antarctica debated (1959 Treaty of Antarctica)
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Territoriality Territoriality is a key component of modern political culture. As defined by geographer, Robert Sack, territoriality is “the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena or relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.” Territorial Integrity – a government has the right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack.
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State 1.an independent political unit occupying a defined territory
2. permanently populated territory 3. full sovereignty (independence to control internal affairs) 4. must be recognized by other states
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World States 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 or 196 states in the world today (only 50 in the 1940s) 193 recognized by the United Nations as of United States recognizes (Kosovo) Number depends on who you ask… Newest state-South Sudan
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Issues defining states
Political differences can cause some territories to not be recognized as independent. Examples: Korea (2 states, one nationality) China and Taiwan-2 states? China claims Taiwan and the U.S. agrees, even though Taiwan has its own gov’t and its own currency Western Sahara (currently part of Morocco) Greenland (Denmark) Greenland controls internal affairs, Denmark controls foreign affairs Greenland is referred to as a “constituent state”
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Nation A group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs Nations are “imagined communities” -Benedict Anderson -imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation -community = you see yourself as part of it
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The nations we perceive as “natural” and “always existing” are relatively recent phenomena.
In 1648, Europe was divided into dozens of small territories.
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The Nation-State A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people An entity whose members feel a natural connection by sharing language, religion, or some other cultural trait Examples of possible Nation-States: Iceland, Portugal, Poland, Japan *There are no true, pure nation-states in the world today
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Stateless Nation Nations that do not possess a national territory even with a larger multinational state Palestine, Kurds
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Multinational State A state with more than one nation.
The Former Yugoslavia
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Multistate Nation A nation with more than one state
Transylvania – homeland for both Romanians and Hungarians.
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Vlad the Impaler, leader of Wallachia/Transylvania
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II. Spatial Characteristics of States
Largest Size Russia 17.1 million square kilometers Others: China, Canada, United States, and Australia
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Spatial Characteristics of States
Smallest Size City-state: sovereign state compromised entirely of a city and it’s countryside Singapore, Monaco, San Marino Microstates: very small land areas Smallest: Monaco -1.5 square kilometers Singapore, Andorra, and Bahrain
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Spatial Characteristics of States
5 basic shapes Compact Prorupt Elongated Fragmented Perforated
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Shape – Compact Compact
Most efficient form is a circle with a capital in the center Compact size Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland Advantages?
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Examples of Compact States
Poland Zimbabwe
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Shape - Prorupt Nearly compact but posses one or more narrow extensions of territory Proruptions can be natural or artificial isolate a portion of a state-Ex. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia
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Examples of Prorupted States
Democratic Rep. Namibia of the Congo
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Shape - Elongated Long and Narrow Distance from the capital is greater
A large amount of diversity of climate, resources, and people National cohesion difficult Norway, Vietnam, Chile, Italy, Malawi
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Examples of Elongated States
Vietnam Chile Norway
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Shape - Fragmented Countries composed entirely of islands (Philippines, Indonesia) Two Types: Separated by water (Indonesia) Separated by an intervening state (India, Russia) Weakness centralized control
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Examples of Fragmented States
Philippines Indonesia
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Shape - Perforated State that completely surrounds another one
Example: South Africa Surrounds Lesotho Completely dependent on South Africa for imports and exports
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Examples of Perforated States
South Africa Italy
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Relative Location Size and shape are affected by a state’s absolute and relative location Canada & Russia are large, yet their absolute northern location reduces the agricultural productivity of the land Iceland has a compact shape but its location near the arctic makes much of its land barren
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Relative Location Landlocked countries are at a major developmental disadvantage Many in Africa due to remnants of colonialism Must arrange to use another country’s sea port Coast lines can be a major advantage -Singapore (224 sq miles) is located at a crossroads of shipping and trade
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III. The Modern State Idea
The idea of a state that is tied to a particular territory with defined boundaries came out of Europe and diffused outward from there. A change from society defining territory to territory defining society. Modern States evolved in the late 1600s.
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Rise of the Modern State
1. The European model The Norman invasion of 1066 produced a whole new political order On the European continent, the strength of some rulers produced national cohesiveness in more stable domains Economic revival and so called Dark Ages were over Treaties signed at the end of the Thirty Years' War contained fundamentals of statehood and nationhood - Peace at Westphalia Western Europe’s strong monarchies began to represent something more than authority
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Rise of the Modern State
Mercantilism a) promotion of commercialism and trade with other states b) City-based merchants, not the nobility, gained wealth c) As money and influence were concentrated in the cities, land as a measure of affluence began to lose its relevance
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European Colonialism and the Modern State
a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own. Why? Organized political states forming Wealth from mercantilism to expand Gained more wealth, territory, and power through colonialism
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Diffusion of the Nation-State Model
European Colonization influenced State model the European model became the international model Economic structure colonies and colonizers became interdependent in a capitalist world economy
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Two Waves of European Colonialism: 1500 - 1825 1825 - 1975
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Dominant Colonial Influences, 1550-1950
This map shows the dominant influence, as some places were colonized by more than one power in this time period.
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What happened to state size?
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Two Waves of Decolonization
First wave – focused on decolonization of the Americas Second wave – focused on decolonization of Africa and Asia
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Construction of the World Economy
Capitalism – people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. Commodification – the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good. Colonialism – brought the world into the world economy, setting up an interdependent global economy.
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The Capitalist World-Economy
The World-Economy is more than the sum of its parts. It is composed of “dots” but we must also understand the “whole.” Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Pierre Seurat
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Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory:
The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. The world economy has a three-tier structure.
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Three Tier Structure Core Periphery Semi-periphery
Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery
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Core Most states have assumed their current shape following centuries of growth Examples: North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia
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Periphery The benefits of the core area thin the farther you move outward Any resource benefits of the periphery are typically shipped backed to the core Examples: Africa (except South Africa), SE Asia, Western South America
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Semi-Periphery Exploited by the core, and exploit the periphery
Examples: Mexico, Brazil, Russia, Eastern Europe, China, India
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IV. Boundaries Vertical lines that establish the limit of each state’s jurisdiction and authority Claims and boundaries are 3 dimensional Subsoil Resource disputes Airspace extends into airline traffic (satellites next?)
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The Evolution of Boundaries
Definition: the official establishment or documentation of a boundary Treaty Legal document Example: 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement
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The Evolution of Boundaries
Delimitation: placing of the boundary on a map
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The Evolution of Boundaries
Demarcation: marking of the boundary by some method on the ground
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Boundary Types Natural (physical): based on recognizable physiographic features Mountains, rivers, and lakes Can cause disputes
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Boundary Types Law of the Sea-158 countries A. Territory
12 Nautical miles (14 land mi) B. Contiguous Zone 12 Nautical miles C. Exclusive Economic Zone 200 Nautical Miles
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Boundary Types Geometric (Artificial): follows parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude 49th parallel United States & Canada Africa, Asia, Americas
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Boundary Types Cultural/Religious: separate groups by a common cultural trait India and Pakistan
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Boundary Origins Antecedent: border drawn before it was well populated
United States & Canada
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Boundary Origins Subsequent: border drawn after the development of the cultural landscape 2 types: Consequent Superimposed
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Boundary Origins N. Ireland and Ireland
Consequent (ethnographic): border drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, or ethnic differences N. Ireland and Ireland
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Boundary Origins Subsequent Superimposed Boundaries: forced on an existing cultural landscape, country, or people by a conquering colonial power Unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns Great Britain = India/Pakistan
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Boundary Origins Relict/relic Boundary: former boundary that no longer functions Differences on each side of the border are still evident Ex. Berlin Wall
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Definitional/Positional Boundary Disputes
Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement A boundary agreement may base a boundary on a landmark that has moved or no longer visible Argentina and Chile
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Locational Boundary Disputes
The delimitation and possible demarcation of the border is in dispute
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Operational/Functional Disputes
Neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied along a boundary Immigration
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Allocation/Resource Disputes
Neighboring states can argue about the distribution of resources Iraq v. Kuwait (oil) Georgia vs. AL & FL (Chattahoochee River) Georgia vs. Tennessee
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Territorial Disputes A subsequent boundary divides an ethnically homogenous group Irredentism- advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession Ex. Kashmir
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Capitals Typically are centrally located to allow for equal access
Many capitals have become distant to many areas due to growth: Washington D.C. Some capitals have been relocated to make them more accessible
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Capitals Usually located in the core area and frequently the focus of it Capital cities are also frequently the largest or the Primate City Primate City: dominates the economic structure of the entire country
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Forward-Thrust capital City
Deliberately sited in a state’s interior Brazil relocated its capital from Rio de Janeiro to a new city called Brasilia Nigeria – Abuja Kazakhstan – Astana
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Brasilia
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Brasilia
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Brasilia
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Nigeria - Abuja
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Nigeria - Abuja
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Kazakhstan – Astana
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Kazakhstan – Astana (new) Almaty (old)
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V. Geopolitics power relationships: past, present, and future
Considers the strategic value of land and sea area in the context of national economic and military power and ambitions power relationships: past, present, and future Manifest Destiny, Monroe Doctrine, “Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
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Geopolitics – German School
Ratzel’s Organic Theory Held that a nation which is an aggregate of organisms would itself function and behave as an organism Nourishment of organism provided by acquisition of territories and people Territory is essential to life. Nazi expansion policies based on some of Ratzel’s ideas.
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Geopolitics – British/American School
Sir Halford Mackinder Heartland Theory a) Believed a land-based power, not a sea power, would ultimately rule the world b) Pivot area extended from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia
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Mackinder – Heartland Theory
The Heartland is impenetrable Resource rich Provided a base for world conquest
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Mackinder – Heartland Theory
“Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland” “Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island” “Who rules the World Island commands the World”
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Geopolitics Nicholas Spykman - Rimland Theory Critic of Mackinder
Argued that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key to global power
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Spykman-Rimland Fragmented zone
Divided rimland key to balance of world power Dense population, abundant resources, controlling access to both the sea and the interior
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Spykman-Rimland “Who controls the Rimland controls Eurasia”
“Who rules Eurasia controls the destiny of the world”
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Recent Geopolitical Developments Bipolar World
U.S.S.R Post WWII – Heartland = U.S. practiced Containment Confining the U.S.S.R by means of alliances with Rimland Military intervention Domino Theory NATO CENTO SEATO
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Geopolitics Today Current world events have rendered older geopolitical ideas obsolete End of the Cold War, Nuclear Technology, and Japan, China, Western Europe becoming world powers Unilateralism – United States dominance Will this last???
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U.S. Foreign Policy Strategies/Principles
Isolationism-state tends to domestic affairs only Realism-take active role in international affairs Neo-isolationism-keep foreign involvement to a minimum (only when necessary) Idealism-foreign involvement for good of all countries
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VI. How do States Spatially Organize their Governments?
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Internal Structure 1. The needs of a well-functioning state a) Clearly bounded territory served by an adequate infrastructure b) Effective administrative framework, a productive core area, and a prominent capital 2. All states confront divisive forces
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Forms of Government These two forms promote nation-building and attempt to quell division within… Unitary – highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power. Federal – a government where the state is organized into territories (sub-states), which have control over some government policies and funds.
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Unitary and Federal Systems
1.Early European nation-states were unitary states: a)Governments were highly centralized and powerful b)Capital cities represented authority that stretched to the limits of the state
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Unitary and Federal Systems
The federal state arose in the New World a) Newness of the culture, and emergence of regionalism due to the vast size of territories b) Conditions did not lend themselves to unitary systems of government c) Absence of an old primate city d) Lack of a clear core area and the vastness of national territory
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Nigeria’s Federal Government –
Allows states within the state to determine whether to have Shari’a Laws Shari’a Laws Legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws
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The U.S. Federal Government –
Allows states (sub-states) within the state to determine “moral” laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, and concealed weapons. Minnesota’s concealed weapons law requires the posting of signs such as this on buildings that do not allow concealed weapons.
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Big vs. Small and Government Systems
Usually bigger states (ie. U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany) have federal systems Usually smaller states (ie. Cuba, Djibouti, Isreal, Peru) have unitary systems
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Forces of Fragmentation and Cohesion: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
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Centripetal Forces Promoting State Cohesion Nationalism
Unifying Institutions Organization and Administration Transportation and Communication Supranationalism
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Centrifugal Forces Challenges to State Authority Less Nationalism
Devolution, Regionalism Peripheral Location Social and Economic Inequality
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Devolution – Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state. What causes devolutionary movements? Ex. Ethnocultural forces Economic forces Spatial forces
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Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Eastern Europe devolutionary forces since the fall of communism Ex. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
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Economic Devolutionary Movements
Catalonia, Spain Barcelona, located in Catalonia, is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain. It produces 25% of Spanish exports and 40% of its industrial exports.
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Spatial Devolutionary Movements
Honolulu, Hawai’i A history apart from the United States, and a desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive.
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Supranational Organizations
A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. * How many supranational organizations exist in the world today? At least 60
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United Nations Cooperate with internationally approved standards
Background: League of Nations – 1919, idea of Woodrow Wilson but, due to isolationist Americans, U.S. never joined. League collapsed prior to WWII (Italian invasion of Ethiopia). Prior to WWII, states created the Permanent Court of International Justice. After WWII, states formed the United Nations… Basics of the UN: Cooperate with internationally approved standards 192 members Aid: refugees, poverty, troops in peacekeeping operations, human rights
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Global Scale – The United Nations
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Regional Scale - Europe
Benelux, 1944: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Marshall Plan, 1948-’52: US aid to Western European Countries Organization of European Economic Cooperation, 1952 (OEEC) to European Economic Community (EEC) European Community (EC) European Union, 1992 (EU)
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Regional Scale - Europe
European Union: domestic, military, and certain sovereign policies that govern all members 12 European Community (EC) members established the EU – 1992 Euro introduced in 2002 Problems facing the EU? Bailouts to member countries Subsidies, Germany, Turkey Original Members: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Denmark and Ireland
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Regional Scale – The European Union (27 Current Members)
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Supranationalism Elsewhere…
NAFTA, ACS, APEC, CIS… Treaties to reduce tariffs and facilitate trade None like the European Union
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