1. Cellular Respiration

2. Food=chemical energy Cellular Respiration
All living things need energy
Energy in the form of…
Food=chemical energy
Cell energy=ATP

3. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
Copyright Cmassengale

4. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals
Copyright Cmassengale

5. What is cellular respiration ?
Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into (ATP),
The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy

6. Copyright Cmassengale
Cellular Respiration
Includes pathways that require oxygen
Breakdown of one glucose molecule produces 38 ATP molecules
Copyright Cmassengale

7. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O O2
YIELDS
6CO2 + 6H ATP’s

8. Important Molecules in Cellular Respiration
CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
ATP – Adenine triphosphate
NAD – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
FAD – Flavin adenine dinucleotide

9. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
STEP 1 - Glycolysis
STEP 2 - The Krebs Cycle
STEP 3 - The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

10. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

11. Copyright Cmassengale

12. STEP 1 Glycolysis
Glycolysis is takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms.
This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen.
process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid),

13. generating two net molecules of ATP.
Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced,
however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase.
The overall reaction can be expressed this way:
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat

15. Copyright Cmassengale

16. Glycolysis Summary Produces 2 NAD and 4 ATP molecules
(2 ATP Used & 4 Produced so overall 2 ATP molecules from glycolysis)
2 molecule of Pyruvate

18. Steps 2: The Fate of PYRUVATE
1. As pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, a modifies pyruvate to acetyl CoA which enters the Krebs cycle in the matrix. 2. A carboxyl group is removed as CO2. 3. A pair of electrons is transferred from the to NAD+ to form NADH

19. 2 molecule of pyruvate produce 2 NADH

20. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle.
However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur.
In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

21. inside the mitochondrial matrix, and gets oxidized to CO2
while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH.
NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation.
The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving different enzymes and co-enzymes.

22. Steps3: KREBS CYCLE or TCA
This is also called the citric acid or the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Each cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH

23. The TCA or KREBS CYCLE
4 CO2
6NADH
2FADH
2 more ATP

24. NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

25. The conversion of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle
produces large quantities of electron carriers. •
So what do you think the major purpose of the
Krebs cycle is??

26. Electron Transport
The mitochondria has two membranes the outer one and the inner membrane
The H+ which are brought to mitochondria accumulate between these two membranes.

27. the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water.
As they are passed along the chain, the energy carried by these electrons is stored in the mitochondrion in a form that can be used to synthesize ATP

28. Electrons carried by NADH are transferred to the first molecule in the electron transport chain
The electrons continue along the chain that includes several cytochrome proteins and one lipid carrier.
The electrons carried by FADH2 added to a later point in the chain.
Electrons from NADH or FADH2 ultimately pass to oxygen.
The electron transport chain generates no ATP
directly.

30. Copyright Cmassengale

31. ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE PRODUCES 38 ATP
Each NADH ATP
Each FADH ATP
Glycolysis (2 NADH) 6 ATP
Prep for Citric Acid 6 ATP
Citric Acid (6 NADH) ATP
(2 FADH2) 4 ATP
34 ATP
direct 4 ATP
total ATP

32. What happens when there is no oxygen to accept the electrons?
If no oxygen is available, cells can obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration.
A common anaerobic process is fermentation.
Fermentation is not an efficient process and results in the formation of far fewer ATP molecules than aerobic respiration.
There are two primary fermentation processes:
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation

33. Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

34. Lactic acid fermentation occurs when oxygen is not available.
For example,
in muscle tissues during rapid and hard exercise, muscle cells may be depleted of oxygen. They then switch from respiration to fermentation.

35. The pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to lactic acid and energy is released (which is used to form ATP).
Glucose → Pyruvic acid → Lactic acid + energy

36. Lactic acid that builds up in the tissue causes a burning, painful sensation.
results in muscle soreness

37. Copyright Cmassengale

38. Alcohol fermentation
occurs in yeasts and some bacteria.

39. Alcohol Fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in 2 steps.
1. carbon dioxide is released from pyruvate, which is converted to acetaldehyde.
2. acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol.
Regenerating a supply of NAD+

41. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen
Definition
Produces lactic acid (in lactic acid fermentation but not in alcoholic fermentation)
Does not produce lactic acid
Production of lactic acid:
Low (2 ATP molecules)
High (36-38 ATP molecules)
Amount of energy released:
Lactic Acid Fermentation - lactic acid, ATP Alcoholic Fermentation - ethyl alcohol, ATP, carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide, water, ATP
Products:
glucose
glucose, oxygen
Reactants:

42. Copyright Cmassengale
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
Site of reactions:
Glycolysis, fermentation
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Stages:
Copyright Cmassengale

43. Copyright Cmassengale
The aerobic system requires 60 to 80 seconds to produce energy for resynthesizing ATP from ADP + P. 
The heart rate and respiratory rate must increase sufficiently to transport the required amount of O2 to the muscle cells, allowing glycogen to break down in the presence of oxygen.
Copyright Cmassengale

44. Copyright Cmassengale
the lactic acid system need 8 to 10 seconds to produce energy
Copyright Cmassengale

46. Summary Quiz
What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?? Products? Equation?
List the three respiratory stages:
Where in the cell do each occur?
What are the products of each?
How much ATP is produced by
Anaerobic gylcolysis?
Aerobic glycolysis?
List the 2 types of fermentation??