1. Introduction to Psychology II
Psychology Department

2. Motivation
Motivation is a need or desire that energizes or direct behavior
The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior
is the push of the mental forces to accomplish an action
Unsatisfied needs, motivate

3. Motivational modal
Need, an internal deficiency Drive, an energizing motivational state Response, an action or series of action to attain the goal Goal, the target of the motivated behavior

4. Model of Motivation External stimulation Satisfaction Need Drive Goal
A lot of our motives are said to be cyclic.

5. Different concepts related to motivation
Motive is something that causes a person to act; it could be any
cause;
incentive;
purpose; or
intention
Instinct is the inherent disposition of a living organism toward a particular behavior. Instincts are
unlearned,
inherited fixed action patterns of responses or reactions to certain kinds of stimuli.

6. Cont…. Need is anything that is necessary but lacking or
A lack of something wanted or deemed necessary
Drives
a physiological state corresponding to a strong need or desire
Difference between need and drive
“Need" is a physiological situation that must be resolved (hunger, thirst, etc.). In such situations, the "drive" is the motivation to solve the physiological need.

7. Homeostasis
The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
The relatively constant conditions within organisms, or the physiological processes by which such conditions are maintained in the face of external variation
So it is standing steady or steady state
Needs produced by a process known as homeostasis

8. Cont….. Our biological drives maintain our homeostasis
When our body deviates from the optimal level automatic reactions began to make it steady as
If you feel too hot, more blood will flow through skin thus lowering body temperature
we are normally not aware of such changes, unless continued disequilibrium drives us to move to a shady place, warmth, food and water

9. Types of motives Primary motives Secondary motives
Primary motives (basic drives) innate/inborn
Purpose:- self preservation/species preservation
unlearned
Secondary motives
Acquired as part of the socialisation process.
Motives based on learned need, desires and goals
Only consider our secondary motives once our primary motives have been satisfied

10. Examples of Primary and Secondary Motives
Primary motives
Hunger
Thirst
Sleep
Temperature regulation
Elimination
Avoidance of pain
Sex
Secondary motives
Gregariousness (common social motive)
Curiosity
Ambition
Competition
Aggression
Interests
Attitudes

11. Primary motives Hunger motivation What cause hunger?
A need or convincing desire of food
What cause hunger?
Empty stomach contraction cause hunger
Hunger produce an overall feeling of weakness
Lower level of glucose(a kind of sugar in blood)in the blood
Liver also responds to a lack of bodily fuels by sending nerve impulse to brain. These messages also contribute to desire of eat

12. Brain areas involve in hunger
Two areas of hypothalamus are involved in hunger that is
lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is sensitive to levels of sugar or glucose in the blood and it also take signals from stomach and liver. All these signals combine to explain about the state of hunger.
The ventromedial hypothalamus is involve in the stop mechanism of eating food
Set point is the proportion of body fat(leptin) that tend to be maintained by the changes in huger and eating so it is the important mechanism that indicates about feeling of hunger or when to take less food

13. Thirst motivation
There are two kinds of thirst Extracellular thirst that is caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells It is caused by bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating and drinking alcohol It leads to decrease the level of salts and water in the body so best satisfied by salty water

14. Cont….
Intracellular thirst is triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cells because it leads to shrink the cell This kind of thirst is best satisfied by plain water Kidneys and hypothalamus is involve in thirst motivation 14

15. Pain motivation
Avoiding pain is also the basic human drive Pain is an episodic drive as it occurs in distinct episodes It is associated with bodily damage that has occur or is about to occur Pain prompts to avoid or eliminate sources of discomfort rather than attainment of any goal Pain tolerance could be learned through society as some people show their pain loudly and some show least of the behaviour without to much distress 15

16. Sex motivation
The term sex drive refers to the strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual activity Many psychologists do not think of sex as primary motive because it not not necessary for individual survival rather it is important for group survival The sex drive is non-homeostatic Sex drive can be aroused at virtually any time by almost any thing 16

17. Cont…. Hormones play a role in sex drive
Androgen is the male hormone whereas Estrogen is female hormone related to sex drive
Increase in the level of androgen initiate sex drive in males whereas estrogen and androgen both play role in female sex drive because females also have little amount of androgen when its level increase they feel the sex drive 17

18. sleep
Unconsciousness or unawareness of the external environment is what we meant as sleep Stages of sleep Stage 1 is light sleep where you drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily In stage 2, eye movement stops and brain waves become slower with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves. When a person enters stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called delta waves are interspersed with smaller, faster waves. In stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively.

19. Cont…
Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as deep sleep, and it is very difficult to wake someone from them. In deep sleep, there is no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some children experience bedwetting, sleepwalking or night terrors. In the REM period, breathing becomes more rapid, irregular and shallow, eyes jerk rapidly and limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. Brain waves during this stage increase to levels experienced when a person is awake. Also, heart rate increases, blood pressure rises and the body loses some of the ability to regulate its temperature. This is the time when most dreams occur, and, if awoken during REM sleep, a person can remember the dreams. Most people experience three to five intervals of REM sleep each night.

20. Factors affecting sleep
Circadian rhythm - This is natural 24 hours cycle which determines when humans fall asleep according to correspond daily activities and environment surrounding people Environmental arousal - certain factors cause a state of arousal. When humans are in this state, sleep tends to be disrupted (e.g. stress) Sleep deprivation - when one is sleep deprived, he/she tends to fall asleep sooner the next time and remain asleep longer. It must be emphasized that individual differences play an important role in sleep cycles

21. Bowel & bladder tensions
Bowel and bladder tension plays an important role, particularly during the period of toilet training.
Too early or too severe toilet training may induce a feeling of insecurity in the child.
Such problems may be avoided if parents wait until the child is physically ready.
These drives have very little significance in adult motivation.

22. Secondary motivation The need to belong or affiliation
Aristotle called us as social animal so we have a need to affiliate with others for feeling of identification and connectivity
It is aid to survival as
attachment serve as a powerful survival tool from caregivers to bring maturity for children and also enhance reproduction
it also enhance the practice of corporation and protection
Wanting to belong 22

23. Cont…
We are acting to increase our social acceptance by obeying social norms because it enhance our self esteem The need to belong depends on deep attachment and menacing threats Moreover we have to maintain that relationship with many activities It also have some darken sides as it could lead to abusive relationships as detachment could lead to negative emotions So one can say that strong feeling of belongingness leads to good health or visa verse 23

24. Achievement motivation
It is the desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence
Many achievement oriented children have
parents and teachers who encourage their independence from very early age
Achievement could be as a result of intrinsic(desire to perform for once own sake) or extrinsic motivation(desire to perform because of some external rewards or to avoid punishment)

25. Cont….
Effective managers adjust their managerial style in such a way that it will enhance the achievement motive of their employees This motive have strong implications in all areas of life as the desire to have success is predominating in all spheres of life But as it is said that it is learned, we learn this desire from are surroundings

26. Power motivation
A tendency to seek impact, control or influence over others, and to be seen as powerful individual People are more apt to belong to organization and seek office Also seek to powerful professions like business management or teaching They seek to display trapping of power Male show negative or opposite to social norms to show their power whereas females show more positive behavior to command 26

27. Creativity motivation
This motivation has its link more with intrinsic motivation rather than extrinsic one
It is enhanced by personal interests or involvement challenging situation and freedom of choice rather than increase in salaries
Creativity killers are
working under strong supervision
choices restrictions by rules
working only for getting good evaluation
working mainly for money
time pressure

28. Aggression
While it has a biological basis, human aggression is primarily under the control of social factors.
Among the environmental and social causes of human hostile aggression are frustration, insults, compliance with social pressures and unpleasant environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, intense noise, and under some conditions, crowding.

29. Aggression can be learned in various ways.
Cont….
Aggression can be learned in various ways.
Punishment, catharsis, the presence of non aggressive models may serve to lessen aggressive behavior.

30. Social Approval Motive
Motive for social approval means to gain approval from significant others & the society in general.
If this motive is weak, a person may behave antisocially.
If it is too strong, a person may bury his originality and use up his adaptive energies in trying to discover and do the conventionally correct things.
If the child was deprived of the love and care in infancy and could not develop the earliest form of social approval motive, the consequences could be undesirable social developments in later life.

31. Need for Self Actualization
It refers to an individual’s need to develop his or her potentialities, to do what he or she is capable of doing.
“Self actualizers”, then are people who make the fullest use of their capabilities.
The goals for this need vary from person to person, for some it may be achievement in literacy or scientific fields, for others leadership in politics or community, and for some it may be living their lives fully without being unduly restrained by social conventions.

32. Competence Motive
We are motivated to master challenges of environment. This is called competence motivation.
Exploration, curiosity, and the need for sensory stimulation may simply be expressions of our need to master the environment.
This motive plays an important & persistent role in driving human behavior

33. Cont… To achieve new masteries.
From crawling to standing, a baby pulls himself over and over again until he finally succeeds. In a similar way, he works to be effective in the environment when it comes to walking and number of other challenges.
These triumphs of child hood throw light on competence motivation.

34. Motives of Exploration & Curiosity
The curiosity and exploration motive causes to seek out a certain amount of novelty and complexity, and with no other apparent motivation, we seek out and explore new environments.
This motive is not unique to humans. Many animals will explore a new environment with no external reward other than the newness of what is perceived.

35. Play & Manipulation
This is a motive to explore the surrounding and satisfying the pleasure need through playing and manipulation.
This motive plays an important role in learning the new skills and mastering new tasks.