1. Labor Unions “We do want more, and when it becomes more, we shall still want more. And we shall never cease to demand more until we have received the results of our labor.” Samuel Gompers

2. Review: Problems with Factory Life Both the very young and old were working 12-16 hour days. Both the very young and old were working 12-16 hour days. No compensation for injury or death. No compensation for injury or death. Unsanitary and unsafe conditions. Unsanitary and unsafe conditions. Example: Fire at the Triangle Waist Co. sweatshop—killed 146 young immigrants. Example: Fire at the Triangle Waist Co. sweatshop—killed 146 young immigrants. No job security. No job security. No minimum wage. No minimum wage.

3. Labor Unions Definition: A group of workers that band together to achieve common goals. Were formed to negotiate with company owners about wages and working conditions. This process is called Collective bargaining The first nation-wide labor organizations developed in the mid-1800’s.

4. Knights of Labor (KOL) Founded in 1869, by Uriah Stephens as an all- inclusive organization. (African Americans and women) Excluded Chinese. Founded in 1869, by Uriah Stephens as an all- inclusive organization. (African Americans and women) Excluded Chinese. Wanted work rights for skilled and unskilled workers. Wanted work rights for skilled and unskilled workers. Wanted cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Challenged the idea of capitalism. Wanted cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Challenged the idea of capitalism. Opposed child labor, demanded an 8 hour day, and equal pay for women. Opposed child labor, demanded an 8 hour day, and equal pay for women. KOL declined after the 1886 Haymarket Riot. KOL declined after the 1886 Haymarket Riot.

5. Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Cause: Owners of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had cut employee wages twice within one year. Cause: Owners of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had cut employee wages twice within one year. The strike began in W. Virginia and lasted 45 days. The strike began in W. Virginia and lasted 45 days. Was put down by local and state militias as well as federal troops. Was put down by local and state militias as well as federal troops. Result: Unions became better Result: Unions became better organized and the number of strikes increased.

6. American Federation of Labor (AFL) Founded in 1881 by Samuel Gompers. Founded in 1881 by Samuel Gompers. Was initially open to all people. Was initially open to all people. By the 1890’s only skilled workers in separate craft unions could join the AFL—because they were less replaceable. By the 1890’s only skilled workers in separate craft unions could join the AFL—because they were less replaceable. Goals: better wages, shorter hours, & better working conditions Goals: better wages, shorter hours, & better working conditions Won Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902. Had over 1 million members by 1901 Won Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902. Had over 1 million members by 1901 Believed in Capitalism—Gompers limited his demands to pay and working conditions. Was less political. Believed in Capitalism—Gompers limited his demands to pay and working conditions. Was less political.

7. The I.W.W. Industrial Workers of the World Founded 1905 in Chicago by Bill Haywood and Daniel De Leon (anarchists, socialist, & radical unionists) who were opposed to the AFL Founded 1905 in Chicago by Bill Haywood and Daniel De Leon (anarchists, socialist, & radical unionists) who were opposed to the AFL “Wobblies” open to all workers particularly unskilled, casual, and marginal workers. “Wobblies” open to all workers particularly unskilled, casual, and marginal workers. Anti-capitalists Anti-capitalists Never more than 13,000 members, but could get the support of about 300,000 others at times Never more than 13,000 members, but could get the support of about 300,000 others at times Won American Woolen Strike of 1912 Won American Woolen Strike of 1912 1924- a split in the union because of internal conflict 1924- a split in the union because of internal conflict Today there is a membership of about 2,000 Today there is a membership of about 2,000

8. Obstacles to Unity By 1900, only 1 out of 33 American workers were members of some type of union. Why was unifying so difficult? By 1900, only 1 out of 33 American workers were members of some type of union. Why was unifying so difficult? 1. Initially the government sided with business and broke up major strikes. 2. Many unions excluded three important groups: minorities, women, and unskilled workers.

9. Labor vs. Business Businesses fought the growth of unions through legal and violent practices. Businesses fought the growth of unions through legal and violent practices. 1. Legal: yellow-dog contracts, blacklisting, hiring “scabs” or strikebreakers. 2. Violent: Pinkertons, militias.

10. The Government’s Role: The government eventually began passing legislation to protect workers and improve their health and safety. The government eventually began passing legislation to protect workers and improve their health and safety.Examples: -Created the Department of Labor -Child labor laws, minimum wage, fire codes, workman’s compensation.