2. AP Biology 2007-2008 Domain Eubacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Fungi Domain Eukarya

3. AP Biology General characteristics  Classification criteria  eukaryotes  heterotrophs  feed by absorption  mostly multicellular  except unicellular yeasts  cell wall  sexual & asexual reproduction So that’s 3 times cell walls have evolved: bacteria, fungi, plants

4. AP Biology Fungal Structure  Fungal body  mycelium  thread-like cells  hyphae  Cells  multiple nuclei  Cell wall  chitin  Many sugars + Nitrogen  just like crab shells

5. AP Biology Fungi live mostly underground

6. AP Biology Internal structure  Eukaryotic cells  long, thread-like cells  filamentous  incomplete divisions between cells  septum  multiple nuclei septum chitin cell wall nuclei pore Aaaaah, structure–function relationship!

7. AP Biology plant cell fungal hypha plant cell membrane plant cell wall Modes of Nutrition  Heterotrophic  secrete digestive enzymes  feed by absorption  parasites  feeding on living creatures  predators  paralyzing prey  decomposers  breakdown dead remains Fungi live IN their food! It’s like you living in Chocolate cake!

8. AP Biology Fungal Diversity Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota Fungi

9. AP Biology Ecological Roles Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture!  Decomposers  recycle nutrients  Symbiotic Relationships  lichen  fungi + algae  pioneer species in ecosystems  makes soil from bare rock  mycorrhizae  fungi + plants  live in & amongst plant roots  enables plants to absorb more water & nutrients

10. AP Biology Mycorrhizae  Critical role in plant growth  extends water & nutrient absorption of roots without mycorrhizae with mycorrhizae EctomycorrhizaEndomycorrhiza

11. AP Biology Adult Offspring Gametes Zygote egg sperm diploid 2n haploid (n) meiosis fertilization mitosis & development mitosis & maturation male female Reproduction Review

12. AP Biology Fungi Reproduction  Asexual  budding in yeast  Sexual  spores  spread by wind  joining of + & – haploid spores haploid spores

13. AP Biology hypha (n) haploid (2n) diploid mating strain FUSION of + and – gametangia sporangium spores (haploid) MEIOSIS Zygomycete (Bread Mold) Life Cycle

14. AP Biology Basidiomycete Life Cycle FUSION of and hyphae fruiting body MEIOSIS spores gills lined with basidia basidium zygote (n) haploid (n + n) dikaryotic strain 2n (diploid)

15. AP Biology Fairy Rings

16. AP Biology Importance of fungi to humans  Food production  bread  beer, wine  Medicine production  antibiotics penicillin

17. AP Biology Dangerous Fungi  Toxic to humans  Amanita muscaria  Psilocybin mushrooms  Biological warfare  Baked into bread?

18. AP Biology Fungi and Plan Colombia  Plan Colombia  Attempts to stop drug smuggling from Colombia (both by the USA and Colombia)  Idea: Spray parasitic fungi spores to destroy coca plants  Fuscarium oxysporum  Many varieties, some with a large host range  See any problems with this solution?  Mutated fungi could destroy tomato, peppers, corn...  Testing in the US as of 2005

19. AP Biology Any Questions??