1. Psychodynamic Approach & Sigmund Freud

2. Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Approach 1) A large part of our mental life operates on an unconscious level Slips of the tongue and accidents have an unconscious explanation Slips of the tongue and accidents have an unconscious explanation Thought and memories can be held in the unconscious mind by repression Thought and memories can be held in the unconscious mind by repression

3. 2) Early childhood is important for the development of the adult personality Fixation in a stage of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development can affect the adult personality. Traumatic events in childhood can be repressed but they still have an impact on the adult

4. 3)Freuds main assumption was that the sexual instinct is the primary driving force in mental life It operates unconsciously in the id

5. The Unconscious Mind Freud believed that many things going on in our mental lives took place on an unconscious level. This means that the true motivation behind our behaviour may be unknown to us.

6. Freud saw the mind as being like an iceberg with the largest part unseen

7. The Three Parts of the Mind Conscious mind: what we are aware of. Pre-conscious mind: Material which can be easily recalled Unconscious mind: Material buried deeply which we are not aware of

8. Structure of the mind  Freud saw the mind as being in three parts  The Id  The Ego  The Super-Ego

9. The Id Present from birth and contains basic drives and instincts. Present from birth and contains basic drives and instincts. Resides in the unconscious mind Resides in the unconscious mind Totally selfish Totally selfish

10. The Id Operates on the pleasure principle If needs are not met the id is extreme in reaction

11. The Ego Starts to emerge during first few months of life It develops as the child realises that some behaviours are unacceptable. It is the part of us we are consciously aware of and operates on the reality principle.

12. The Super-Ego Develops as the child grows It tell us what we ought and ought not to do Unrealistic and operates on the idealism principle

13. The ego must compromise between the demands of the id and the super- ego and decide how we will behave Id Ego Super-ego Behaviour

14. Stages of Psychosexual Development

15. Oral Stage 0 – 1 yr Libido focussed on the mouth Pleasure derived from sucking and biting. Early or late weaning can lead to fixation in this stage and the adult is always putting things into their mouths

16. Anal Stage 1 to 3 yr Libido focused on the anus Pleasure derived from defecation. If potty training is too early or too late the adult will be fixated in this stage and be obsessively neat

17. Anal Stage 1 to 3 yr Too strict potty training makes the adult anally retentive: mean stubborn grasping Too pleasurable potty training makes the adult anally expulsive: over generous

18. Phallic Stage Libido is focus on the penis Gender role develops via the Oedipus and Electra complex

19. Latency Stage 5 to puberty Libido is diffuse throughout the body Genital Stage Puberty onwards Libido is focused on the genitals Attraction is to the opposite sex