1. International Workers of the World (1905) LEADER: William “Big Bill” Haywood MEMBERS: “The Wobblies”; Socialists; (miners, lumberers, cannery and dock workers); African Americans welcomed GOALS: Overthrow of capitalism; Replace with a socialist/communist economic and political system

2. American Federation of Labor(1886) LEADER: Samuel Gompers MEMBERS:ONLY Skilled craftsmen GOALS: focused on collective bargaining agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions USED STRIKE as method –1890- 1915 average wages rove from $17.50 to $24!!!!

3. Knights of Labor (1869) LEADER: Uriah Stephens; Terrence Powderly; Mother Jones MEMBERS:ALL workers regardless of race, gender, or skill GOALS: equal pay for women; no child labor;

4. National Labor Union (1866) LEADER: William H. Sylvis (iron worker) MEMBERS: skilled craftsmen + unskilled workers GOALS: Persuade Congress to legalize an 8 hour day (achieved in 1868)

5. American Railway Unions (1894) LEADER: Eugene V. Debs MEMBERS: unskilled AND skilled railroad laborers allowed (no African- Americans) GOALS: Won a strike for higher wages

6. Chicago Haymarket Square Riot (1886) – “The Great Upheaval” Anarchists + Knights of Labor vs. McCormick Harvestor Co. ----------------------------------------------------- A rally(riot results) over a strike Workers wanted 8 hour work day and union recognition (legal) ----------------------------------------------------- 7 killed; 70 injured End of Knights of Labor – associated with vilence and unsuccessful.

7. Pullman Strike, 1894 Pullman “Palace” RR Car Factory vs. American Railway Union ---------------------------------------- Laid off workers Cut in wages No cuts in company town prices --------------------------------------- Sympathy strikes spread Pres. Clevelan calls in Federal troops to assure MAIL DELIVERY!!! Injunction used to stop strike crushes workers…jobs lost, worse conditions increase?!?! Injunction used to stop strike crushes workers…jobs lost, worse conditions increase?!?!

8. (PA) Homestead Steel Strike 1892 Henry Frick, president of Carnegie Steel vs. Amalgamated Steel Assoc. (Craft union) ---------------------------------------- announced 20% cut in wages Workers locked out day before contract expired (7 killed) Pinkerton Guards brought in (3 killed) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- State Militia of PA called in Non union workers hired @ less $ Union “broken”; No union until 1930’s

9. Great Railroad Strike - 1877 Balitmore and Ohio RR vs. RR workers ---------------------------------------------------- Economic Depression –Wage cuts Free ride policy for executives and Congress ---------------------------------------------------- 2/3 of tracks shut down in sympathy for strikers 100 dead $10million damages Federal troops called in to stop strike…workers forced to accept less after 12 days