1. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS/ URBAN GEOGRAPHY Chapter 11 & 12 Carol Jean Cox

2. SUBJECT OVERVIEW n SETTLEMENTS n ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS n TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS n DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS n CITY HISTORY n URBAN PATTERNS

3. Settlement Settlement n Settlement - a permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants

4. GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE OF SETTLEMENTS n Geographers are interested in the patterns of settlements and the interrelationship of settlements n How do the patterns of settlements explain human culture?

5. ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS n Religious - graves, churches, temples n Cultural - schools, libraries n Political/Military - leader’s house, walls n Economic - stores, food

7. TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS n Rural Settlements - agriculture as the predominant occupation. n Urban settlements - principal industries are secondary and tertiary.

9. RURAL SETTLEMENTS n Clustered rural settlements -grouped settlements in rural areas to minimize travel

10. RURAL SETTLEMENTS n Dispersed rural Settlements - isolated farms with enclosed continuous fields

11. RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE EASTERN U.S. n New England - clustered villages of the colonists n Mid Atlantic - dispersed isolated farms of the Dutch, Swedes, Irish and Germans n South - plantations (mansions surrounded by plantation services)

12. DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS n Prior to modern times most settlements were rural n First Urban Settlement – UR (modern day of Iraq) n Other Early Cities –Mycenae,Troy, & Isle of Crete in Greece –Settlements along the world’s great rivers

13. DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS n Athens - first city over 100,000 –by the 5th century BC over 300,000 n Rome - center of an empire 200 BC-400 AD –“all roads lead to Rome” –Paris, London, Vienna - all old Roman sites n Mid-Evil Europe - after the fall of Rome –urbanization decreased –patterns of castles, walls & narrow streets –compact space surrounded by walls

14. DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS n Renaissance-Baroque Cities –Renaissance 15-16th centuries –Baroque 16-18th centuries –development of wide avenues & monuments –Paris & London rebuilt, Washington D.C. n Industrial City –19th century to present –city designed around industry and transportation –most modern cities

15. DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS n Megalopolis - –conurbation of a number of cities blended together without separation –“The Blob” Lewis Mumford –SMSA- Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area –40% of the world’s population lives in urban areas

18. URBAN SMSA’s n First city with 1 million - London in 1810 n Over 1 million - 180+ cities n Over 10 million - LA, Buenos Aires, London, Bombay, Jakarta, Mexico City, New York City, Osaka, Paris, Rio De Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Seoul n Over 30 million - Tokyo

20. DEFINITION OF THE CITY n Physical Definition of the City - Non- rural settlement that is, built up, economically functional, has a local government, and a legal boundary. n Environmental Definition of the City –urban dust domes n (defined by pollution) –heat island n (defined by increased temperatures)

23. GROWTH OF THE CITY n Skyscrapers - using vertical space –intensive use of land n shops at street level –professional offices at higher levels n Outward Expansion –advent of the automobile & transportation routes –decline of public transport

25. OUTWARD EXPANSION (con’t) n Squatter Settlements - illegally erected shacks, cardboard structures and tents, due to rapid growth in cities of developing countries n De-urbanization of the City –suburbanism - legally independent cities –cluster cities –rural areas- preferable to urban lifestyle –telecommuting - economic activity from a distance

27. DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES n Physical Restraints –Manufacturing - North & East –Retail Cities serving farmers - Mid West –Resorts & Retirement - Southwest n Economic Functions –site & situation factors –International Trade - Port Cities –Entertainment Centers - Las Vegas

30. DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES n International Distribution –Developed countries have a higher population living in urban areas n Two thirds live in urban areas –Developing countries have the greatest increases in the number of large urban settlements n One quarter live in urban areas n Most of the largest cities are in the developing regions

33. URBAN PATTERNS

34. n City Center –best known area, most visually distinctive n San Francisco, London –original site of settlement n Central Business District –retail & office space –assessable –often a focal point with skyscrapers –specialized stores for the office workers

35. URBAN PATTERNS n Zones in Transition –mixed use with light industry –transition from business to residential –older neighborhoods (slums) n home to ethnic groups not culturally integrated n ghettos vs. ethnic neighborhood n Suburbs –residential –nodes of retail services