1. Most modern-day boundaries were drawn by whom?

2. Enclave or Exclave?

4. What are disadvantages of being a landlocked country?

5. LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES Isolation At the mercy of neighbors
Need communication linkages (highways, airports, rivers, etc.)
Have formed alliances with other countries to lessen isolation
Only Liechtenstein & Uzbekistan are landlocked & surrounded by landlocked countries
                                                                                                                      

6. FEDERAL STATES
Political framework where the central government represents its political subunits where they have common interests – defense, foreign affairs, etc. – but these subunits retain their own identities, laws, policies, customs, etc.
Accommodates regional differences and enables diversity and unity to coexist

8. FEDERAL STATES
Geographer K.W. Robinson said, “The federal state is the most expressive of all political systems.”
What did he mean by this?

9. UNITARY STATES
State which has a centralized government that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.
Highly centralized
Appeasing minorities maybe not important
Government frameworks are set up to reinforce the central government’s power

10. Unitary States of the World in blue – Federal States in gray

11. Bush vs. Gore 2000 Gore wins popular vote Bush wins electoral vote

12. Bush vs. Gore 2000

14. Frontier – an area where no country has complete political control.

15. How much of this is frontier?

16. The Cyprus frontier: Greeks and Turks

18. If a city had five elected leaders, and the makeup of the city was: 57% Group A 43% Group B How many leaders would you expect from each group?

19. First Challenge
Draw districts on Zombies and Ninjas Side 1 in which the zombies control 4 out of 5 districts.

20. Second Challenge
Now change your districts so that zombies control all five districts.

21. Final Challenge
Turn to Side 2

22. Final Challenge
Even though ninjas only make up 43% of the population, draw the districts so that four of the five city leaders will be ninjas.

23. Redrawing voting districts.
Reapportionment
Redrawing voting districts.

24. Gerrymandering
Redrawing voting districts to benefit the party in power.

25. Massachusetts, District 4

26. Florida, District 11

27. Pennsylvania, District 12

28. Illinois, District 4 (Chicago)