1. GG 103 Aloha and Welcome to Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Nasir Gazdar, Ph.D, MPH 1. Course Website: //www2.hawaii.edu/~nasir 2. Announcements, Lecture notes and Study Guide Files, Extra credit, Geology Events at //myuhportal.hawaii.edu at GG 103 Course Site 3. Hawaii Atlas, Plate Tectonics, Geology Text, CDs, DVDs at The Library Reserve GG 103 4. Email for any help. Mahalo for excellence.

2. 1 st term exam150 points Midterm 150 points 3 rd term 150 points Final exam400 points Presentation150 points Total1000 points Extra credit – to be announced in the class – Research would be a PowerPoint slide presentation. 50 Bonus points for in class presentation, additional 50 points for being the first one(s) to present in the class. All PPTs should be emailed for presentation in the class. Last date is April 25, 2009. Grade A900+ B800+ C700+ D600+ GG 103 Exams and Grading

3. Geology is vital in human civilization Geology in Today’s World Geology - The scientific study of the Earth –Physical Geology is the study of Earth’s materials, changes of the surface and interior of the Earth, and the forces that cause those changes Practical Aspects of Geology –Natural resources –Geological hazards –Environmental protection –Sea level Rise, Climate Change, Global Warming

4. Geology and Other Sciences Physics Geophysics Seismology Chemistry Mineralogy Petrology Geochemistry Biology Paleontology Paleoecology Astronomy Planetary Geology Helioseismology Economic Geology Hydrology Engineering Geology Petroleum Geology Historical Geology Geomorphology Oceanography Structural Geology Volcanology

7. Mahukona Pacific Ocean

8. Lanai Penguin Bank Kaho‘olawe Hawaiian Islands Above Sea level Below Sea level Where in the World is Kauai?

10. A view of Earth Planetary System Earth is a planet that is rocky and self-contained – Earth System and Spheres Earth’s spheres Hydrosphere – water, oceans, lakes, rivers Atmosphere - air Biosphere – life and environment, ecosystem Lithosphere - Solid Earth Pedosphere – soil –Cryosphere – ice sheets, Antarctica, Greenland –Anthrosphere – Human built environment

11. Origin and Evolution of Earth Origin of planet Earth 4,600,000,000 years before present, 4,600 million years, 4.6 billion years Most researchers believe that Earth and the other planets formed at essentially the same time from the same primordial material as the Sun, a medium sized star in the Milky Way Galaxy in the Universe. Nebular hypothesis – explains formation of Sun and Solar System, planets. Layered structure developed by chemical segregation early in the formation of Earth Formation of Continents – land, and Oceans - water

12. Nebular hypothesis Explains formation of Sun and Solar System Planetary System Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf Planet Pluto

13. Earth formed as a planet in the the Sun’s Solar system from a nebula: 4,600,000,000 years ago Life on Earth began: 3,800,000,000 years Geology: Science of processes related to: –Composition, structure, history and life of Earth –Processes on the earth, landforms and islands Geology of Hawaiian Islands: Studies of Hawaiian Islands physical environment, Birth and Life of the Isles It is geology applied to: Islands origin, volcanic formation and life stages Awareness of unique geologic environment Understand the geologic processes and hazards on the islands

15. Oceanic crust is forced below the fracture because oceanic crust is denser than the one composing the fracture. Magma is created at the subduction wedge Subduction crack on the Pacific Oceanic crust Earthquakes Magma Chamber Hotspot Volcano

16. Geosphere

17. Our Planet ’ s “ Five Spheres ” or Subsystems The Atmosphere: –Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor The Hydrosphere: –Oceans, lakes, streams, underground water, snow, and ice The Biosphere: Ecosphere, Sphere of Life –All of Earth ’ s organisms, as well as any organic matter not yet decomposed, Anthrosphere is Human Living Environment The Geosphere – Crust, Lithosphere, Mantle and Core –The solid Earth from core to surface crust- –Crust composed principally of rock, minerals, sediments, ores and soils –Soils are in Pedosphere

18. Layered Structure and Composition of Earth Given the abundance of oxygen and silicon in the crust - lithosphere, it should not be surprising that the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust are the silicates. Although the Earth's material must have had the same composition as the Sun originally, the present composition of the Sun is quite different. The elemental composition of the human body and life in general is quite different. Iron Iron, Nickel, Sulfur Iron, Magnesium

19. Common Elements Important in Universe, Earth, and Living Organisms Element Symbol Atomic NumberPercent in UniversePercent in EarthPercent in Human Body HydrogenH1910.149.5 HeliumHe29Trace CarbonC60.020.0318.5 NitrogenN70.04Trace3.3 OxygenO80.064765 SodiumNa11Trace2.80.2 MagnesiumMg12Trace2.10.1 PhosphorusP15Trace0.071 SulfurS16Trace0.030.3 ChlorineCl17Trace0.010.2 PotassiumK19Trace2.60.4 CalciumCa20Trace3.61.5 IronFe26Trace5

20. Earth’s interior is hot (~7000 degrees C) ‘Fossil’ heat from Earth formation Radioactive decay 40K, 232Th, 235U, 238U (Plus possibly 244Pu and 26Al in early Earth) Heat lost through convection in the core and mantle – Plate tectonics

21. The Face of Planet Earth Continents – Land covers 29 percent of surface of Earth Most prominent features are linear mountain belts – composed of Igneous and metamorphic rocks Shields – Ancient metamorphic rocks Ocean basins – covers 71 percent of surface of Earth Ocean ridge system – the most prominent topographic feature on Earth Deep-ocean trenches

22. Dynamic Earth

23. 8 Major Tectonic Plates of the Lithosphere Ring of Fire

25. Today, there are 600 active volcanoes worldwide. Is there anything we can do to predict how and when they will erupt?