1. Plant Tissues and Bodiversity
Lecture 4
Plant Tissues and Bodiversity

2. Plant organs: A plant has two organ systems: 1) the shoot system,
2) the root system.
The shoot system is above
ground and includes the
organs such as leaves, buds,
stems, flowers and Fruits.
The root system includes
the parts of the plant below
ground, such as the roots and
tubers.

3. Plant Tissues:
Plant cells are formed at meristems, and then develop into Permanent tissues that are of 3 types:

4. Meristematic Tissues This tissue is composed of relatively small cells with thin walls and large nuclei and small vacuoles.
Its main function is division and growth.
The production of new cells is confined to certain areas of the plant known as Apical Meristems that are present in the tops of the roots and stems.

5. Apical meristem in stem Apical meristem in root

6. It is the outer layer of cells in leaves, stems and roots.
Dermal tissues:
Epidermis
It is the outer layer of cells in leaves, stems and roots.
It consists of one layer of striated circular cells and covered externally by cuticle and associated with pores .

7. Ground tissues: Parenchyma Cells: Located below the epidermal tissue
Function: Protection and Storage.

8. Collenchyma:
They have thick wall
Function: Support and protection
Sclerenchyma :
They have thick secondary wall
Function: Support only

9. Vascular Tissues:
Xylem tissue
It is responsible for transporting water and salts from root to leaves.
Phloem tissue
It is responsible for transporting food from leaves to the rest of the plant.

10. Xylem Tissues Phloem Tissues

11. What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is used to
refer to the variability among living organisms.
It means the differences in plant and animal
species, and its associated genetic diversity
and assembly of organisms.
It includes:
 genetic diversity
 species diversity
 ecosystem diversity

12. viruses -bacteria - algae - plant
Principles of the division and classification of
viruses -bacteria - algae - plant
1-Classification of Viruses:
A - DNA viruses
B- RNA viruses
Nucleic acid type
Capsid symmetry
Examples
Virus Family
ds-DNA
Complex
Smallpox virus
Poxviridae
Icosahedral
Hepatitis B virus
Hepadnaviridae
papilloma
virus
Papovaviridae

13. Measles virus, Mumps virus
B- RNA Viruses
Nucleic acid type
Capsid symmetry
Examples
Virus Family
ss(+)
Icosahedral
Yellow fever virus
Flaviviridae
ss(-)RNA
Helical
Measles virus, Mumps virus
Paramyxoviridae
Rhino virus
Picornaviridae

14. Facultative anaerobic
2- Classification of Bacteria
kingdom Monera (Prokaryotes)
A – Gram negative bacteria
B – Gram positive bacteria
A – Gram Negative bacteria
Family
Genus
Characteristic
Cell Shape
Neisseriaceae
Neisseria , Veilonella
Aerobic
Cocci
Enterobacteriaceae
Shigella,
Salmonella
Facultative anaerobic
Bacilli

15. Bacilli Family Genus Cell Shape Cocci B- Gram- Positive bacteria
Characteristics
Cell Shape
Micrococcaceae
staphylococcus
Micrococcus
Spherical shape in clusters
Cocci
Bacillaeceae
Bacillus Clostridium
Rod-shaped
Aerobic Sporing Anaerobic Sporing
Bacilli

16. Shapes of bacterial cells

17. 3-Classification of algae
Storage products
Pigments
Chlorophyll
Taxonomic group
Fats , oils, volutin
β-carotene
phycoxanthin
xanthophyll
a,c
Bacillariophyta
Starch, oils
Lycopene
Lutein
a,b
Chlorophycophyta
(green algae)
Fats , oils
Xanthophycophyta
(yellow green algae)
phycocyanin
Cyanophycophyta
(blue green algae)
Laminarin
Mannitol
Phaecophycophyta
(brown algae)
Floridean
starch
oils
phycoerythrin
Rhodophycophyta
(red algae)

18. Shapes of Algae