1. Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3

2. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities. The strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history is called evolutionary classification

3. Linnaean System vs. Evolutionary System of Classification KPCOFGS came way before scientists understood that organisms evolved. The Phylogenic (Evolutionary) System names only clades Clades are groups of organisms that are all descended from a common ancestor

4. Cladogram

5. Tree of Life

6. Five Kingdoms of Classification Linnaeus – 2 Kingdoms (Animals and Plants LED TO: 1.Protista 2.Fungi 3.Monera 4.Plantae 5.Animalia

7. Recent Years: Six Kingdoms: 1.Eubacteria 2.Archaebacteria 3.Protista 4.Fungi 5.Plantae 6.Animalia

8. TODAY = 3 Domain System Domains: 1.Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals) (uni and multicellular/eukaryotic) 2.Bacteria (unicellular/prokaryotic) 3.Archae (unicellular/prokaryotic) So what is the difference between 2 &3?

9. Assignment 1.Read pages 451-461 2.Copy Page 459 on ONE FULL page for your notes*** 3.Answer questions 1-6 on page 461 4.Answer MC 1-10 on page 464

10. CLASSIFICATION REVIEW BIOLOGY 112

11. 1. Why do Biologists assign each organism a universally accepted name? To provide consistency and avoid confusion

12. What criteria are used to classify an organism? Evolutionary relationships as well as structural similarities of the organism

13. What features of Binomial Nomenclature make it useful for scientists? Each name is unique. Each scientific name (genus, species) is assigned to only 1 species, so different species are not confused

14. Sequence Linnaeus’s seven taxonomic categories from smallest to largest: Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and Kingdom

15. Explain the goal of evolutionary classification: Group organisms based on their evolutionary history instead of grouping only according to physical similarities

16. How is a Cladogram used in classification? It is an attempt to trace the process of evolution in a group of organisms by focusing on unique shared derived features that appear in some organisms but not others

17. How Do Biologists use DNA and RNA to Classify Organisms? They choose segments that are similar in all or many organisms and compare sequences within those molecules. The more similar between species, the closer the evolutionary relationships.

18. What is Phylogeny? Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

19. Describe how a Molecular Clock is used to Estimate the Length of Tie that Two Related Species Have Been Evolving Independently: Relies on a repeating process or MUTATION, and a comparison of DNA sequences in two species to see how alike or dissimilar the genes are. The degree of dissimilarity is, in turn, an indication of how long ago the species shared a common ancestor

20. How do Domains and Kingdoms Differ? A domain is more inclusive and larger than a kingdom

21. What characteristics are used to place an organism in the domain Bacteria? Unicellular and Prokaryotic Cell walls contain peptidoglycan

22. Which domain consists of prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan? Kingdom Archaea

23. Describe the 4 Kingdoms that comprise the Domain Eukarya: Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

24. What characteristic(s) differentiate the kingdom Animalia from Plantae? Unlike members of the Plantae kingdom, members of the Animalia kingdom are heterotrophic, do not have cell walls, and are motile.