1. LG (1). Understand basic principles of the sun’s structure and how it functions Success Criteria (SC) I can name the layers of the sun in order (or label them on a diagram) I can describe the source of the sun’s energy, name its form, and describe its journey from the sun’s core to earth. Learning Goals

2. LG (3). Investigate the role of the atmosphere in making the earth habitable SCs I can explain how the sun warms, lights, and minimizes temperature fluctuations on the earth (insulating effect). I can explain what happens to EM radiation when it hits the atmosphere (reflection, absorption)

3. LG (2). Describe the impact the sun’s energy and solar winds have on the earth (phenomena) SCs I can explain the key terms: daylight, solar wind, auroras, greenhouse effect, interference I can describe what is happening during each of the phenomena above.

4. Ms. Konrad, 2014 Grade 9 Science Space Part 1 Textbook pages 305-312

5. Astronomy: The branch of science that studies objects beyond the Earth (in “outer space”) Celestial body: Any object in space The Universe: Everything that exists Key Terms

6. Star: A massive celestial body composed of hot gases that radiates large amounts of energy Luminous: glowing, light producing Planet: a celestial body which orbits a star Satellite: a celestial body which orbits another body Orbit: the closed path an satellite takes around another body Moon: a natural satellite of a planet Solar system: the Sun and all of the celestial bodies that orbit it

7. Our Star: The Sun Core Temperature: 15,000,000 °C http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/

8. 100 billion tonnes of Dynamite would have to be detonated every second in order to match the Sun’s energy output!! The sun is getting hotter…becoming 10% more luminous every billion years If the sun where to “turn off”, within a week the temperature of the earth would be zero degrees F DID YOU KNOW?!?

9. http://www.funonthenet.in/articles/scale-of-the-universe.html Age: 5 billion years Diameter: 1,391,000 km (109 X the size of Earth) Composition: 94% Hydrogen 6% Helium 0.13% other

10. High temperature + High pressure = Particles moving quickly and colliding at high speeds and fusing Releases enormous amounts of energy What human energy source does this remind you of? The Sun’s Energy Source: Nuclear Fusion

11. http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/workshop/thompson/sundiag.html

12. Core: -2% of Sun’s volume, 50% of Sun’s mass. DENSE!!! -nuclear fusion happens here…600 tonnes of H to He per second -15000000°C Radiative zone: -Energy moves away from the core -Photons can take up to 1 million years to reach the next layer -380,000 km thick -32% of sun’s volume, 48% of sun’s mass -5000000 °C Layers of the Sun

13. Layers continued… Convective zone: -66% of Sun’s volume, 2% of Sun’s mass (LOW DENSITY) -Convective currents form “cells” -hot gas rises (away from core) -cool gas falls (toward core) -5500°C Photosphere: -Visible “surface” (NOT solid!) looks like boiling liquid -Light and other radiation begins to escape -6000°C -140,000 km thick

14. Chromosphere: -6000-20000°C -Thousands of kilometers thick -Composed of spicules Corona: -Visible during a full solar eclipse -1,100,000°C The Sun’s “Atmosphere” http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/ring_of_fire_mm.html

16. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/sun/sunstructure.shtml

17. http://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/sun Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2FE TG7tCF0 Virtual Tour

18. Sunspots on the Photosphere http://broadcast.homestead.com/Swedish_20sunspots1.jpg Cooler regions on the photosphere (1000-1200ºC cooler) Do not emit as much light and appear darker. Can last a few days to a few months. Largest ever: 1.8*10 10 km 2 (36 x Earth’s surface area!!) http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/?n=sunspots

19. http://oneminuteastronomer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/sunspots_recent_history.jpg

20. Solar Storms -Gas and charged particles emitted from the sun’s surface Coronal Mass Ejections Lower energy Ejection of gas last several days to several weeks Flare: Higher energy Gas and charged particles ejected last a few minutes to a few hours Occur near sunspots http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFT7ATLQQx8 http://www.spaceweather.sflorg.com/space_weathe r/sdo_2010/sdo_02 http://www.spaceweather.sflorg.com/space_w eather/sob_multimedia/flvswm_15

21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection

22. Solar Activity Affects the Earth 1. Solar winds are guided by the Earth’s magnetic field (strongest near the poles) They interact with particles in the Earth’s atmosphere, creating the aurora borealis and aurora australis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)

26. 2. Solar activity/storms can… interfere with satellites and cellphone/TV connections Cause increased radiation for astronauts 3. The sun provides all of our incoming energy! In the form of electromagnetic radiation

27. Electromagnetic (EM) radiation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.sv g

28. Blocks (reflects) bad radiation (UV) Role of our Atmosphere Lets in (absorbs) good radiation (infrared and visible) Insulates the Earth: keeps us warm, keeps temperatures from swinging drastically in the day and the night, the summer and winter.

29. http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/GKAUFMAN/ EM radiation = heat CO2 traps heat!

30. Reading: 320-328 Textbook questions: #2-3 on pg. 308, #2-5, and 8-9 on pg. 312 Homework

31. LG (1). Understand basic principles of the sun’s structure and function The sun is made up of gases (mostly hydrogen, some helium) The sun has 6 layers: Core (15 million C) Radiative Convective Photosphere (the surface) Chromosphere Corona EM radiation from nuclear fusion at the core travels outward. Nuclear fusion: when two atoms fuse together. in this case hydrogen turns to helium The photosphere is where light finally escapes (it appears to be the surface), and the EM radiation is cast into space Summary

32. 2. Describe the impact the sun’s energy and solar winds have on the earth Provides heat and light Auroras Radio and cell phone interference 3. Explain the role of the atmosphere in making the earth habitable Insulates (traps some radiation) to keep the temperature from fluctuating drastically Blocks harmful radiation

33. Sources http://www.iflscience.com/space/take-virtual-tour-sun http://www.astronomynotes.com/starsun/s2.htm#A1.3 http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2006/educators/lp_k5.php http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgpIy4tUjFI

34. Space…the final frontier!

35. If the sun was a golf ball… Earth would be the ball in a ball point pen and 10 ft from the sun 2 more feet would take you to Mars Neptune would be in Lakefield Alpha Centauri is in Winnipeg It takes 8.3 min for the sun’s light to reach us It takes 4.3 years for the light from Alpha Centauri to reach us!! How big?

36. March 16, 1926 First rockets 13m in 3 sec Within a decade 1500m at 800 km/hr Robert Goddard

37. Wernher Van Braun

38. Laika aboard Sputnik 2