1. Behavioral Intention Formation in Knowledge Sharing: Examining the Roles of Extrinsic Motivators, Social- Psychological Forces and Organizational Climate MOIS 508 Dr. Dina Rateb Presented by: Sarah Youssef

2. Main Aim of the Research To study the factors enhancing or hindering employees’ knowledge-sharing intentions.

3. Introduction CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness Knowledge is the base for a firm’s competitive advantage. Knowledge resides within individuals. Comprehensive knowledge sharing is the exception and not the rule. 3 Factors leading to limited knowledge-sharing: Human Tendencies Industry Competition Individual Incentive structure - competition

4. Theoretical Framework CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness Insights from existing literature: Motivational forces affecting individuals’ knowledge-sharing behavior derive from: 1. Personal Belief Structures Time & Effort Personal vs. Public Good dilemma Negative effect of providing unsound or irrelevant information 2. Institutional Structures Features of an organizational climate encouraging knowledge-sharing: Trust Open environment Tolerance of well-reasoned failure Pro-social norms

5. Theoretical Framework CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) – an individual’s decision is done rationally and based on their intention which is in turn determined by their attitude towards and subjective norm regarding the behavior. Initial Qualitative research: Interviews in 5 Korean Companies. Resultant set of Motivational Drivers Economic: Anticipated Extrinsic Rewards Social-Psychological: Anticipated Reciprocal Relationships and Sense of Self-Worth Sociological: Fairness (trust), Innovativeness (tolerance) and Affiliation (pro-social)

6. The Research Hypotheses CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness 1. The more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing is, the greater the intention to share knowledge will be. 2. The greater the anticipated extrinsic rewards are, the more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing will be. 3. The greater the anticipated reciprocal relationships are, the more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing will be. 4. The greater the sense of self-worth through knowledge sharing behavior is, the more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing will be. 5. The greater the sense of self-worth through knowledge sharing behavior is, the greater the subjective norm to share knowledge will be.

7. The Research Hypotheses CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness 6. The greater the subjective norm to share knowledge is, the greater the intention to share knowledge will be. 7. The greater the subjective norm to share knowledge is, the more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing will be. 8. The greater the extent to which the organizational climate is perceived to be characterized by fairness, innovativeness and affiliation, the greater the subjective norm to share knowledge will be. 9. The greater the extent to which the organizational climate is perceived to be characterized by fairness, innovativeness and affiliation, the greater the intention to share knowledge will be.

8. Measurement & Data Collection CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness Self-administered, pre-tested questionnaire. 30 Korean organizations 300 questionnaires 259 responses (86 % response rate) 105 incomplete & rejected Total – 154 responses from 27 organizations across 16 industries.

9. Results CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness 1. The more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing is, the greater the intention to share knowledge will be. Supported 2. The greater the anticipated extrinsic rewards are, the more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing will be. Not Supported - Opposite 3. The greater the anticipated reciprocal relationships are, the more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing will be. Supported 4. The greater the sense of self-worth through knowledge sharing behavior is, the more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing will be. Not Supported 5. The greater the sense of self-worth through knowledge sharing behavior is, the greater the subjective norm to share knowledge will be. Supported

10. Results CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness 6. The greater the subjective norm to share knowledge is, the greater the intention to share knowledge will be. Supported 7. The greater the subjective norm to share knowledge is, the more favorable the attitude towards knowledge sharing will be. Supported 8. The greater the extent to which the organizational climate is perceived to be characterized by fairness, innovativeness and affiliation, the greater the subjective norm to share knowledge will be. Supported 9. The greater the extent to which the organizational climate is perceived to be characterized by fairness, innovativeness and affiliation, the greater the intention to share knowledge will be. Supported

11. Conclusions CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness The need for extrinsic rewards might actually hinder the development of favorable attitudes towards knowledge sharing. The primary motive for favorable attitudes towards knowledge sharing is anticipated reciprocal relationships and the subjective norm regarding knowledge sharing. Sense of self-worth strengthens the subjective norm regarding knowledge sharing. An organizational climate conductive to knowledge sharing has a strong influence on formation of the subjective norm and directly affects individual’s intentions to engage in knowledge sharing behaviors.

12. Limitations CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness Cross-sectional not longitudinal data. Limited to highly collectivist national culture of Korea. Findings may be vulnerable to single-source bias. Overlooked barriers such as natural barriers e.g. time, cognitive barriers & structural barriers e.g. authority & status.

13. Research Improvement Suggestions CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness Include individual’s actual knowledge-sharing behavior. Differentiate between types of knowledge assets. Examine knowledge-sharing beyond the organizational boundaries. Recognize that individuals share knowledge directly with others or indirectly via technological tools.

14. Recommendations CIT Industry Development E-Government E-Business E-Knowledge E-Readiness Enhance social & mutual relationships among employees. Provide feedback (whether engaged or not engaged in knowledge sharing). Do Not stress on extrinsic rewards as the primary motivators.

15. Thank You … Questions?