1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture prepared by Kathleen A. Ireland, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Anatomy & Physiology M A R T I N I FIRST EDITION C h a p t e r 4 The Tissue Level of Organization PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissues are: Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions Histology = study of tissues The four tissue types are: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Tissues and tissue types

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Includes glands and epithelium Glands are secretory Is avascular Forms a protective barrier that regulates permeability Cells may show polarity Epithelial tissue

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical protection Control permeability Provide sensation Produce specialized secretions Functions of epithelium

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Perform secretory functions Perform transport functions Maintain physical integrity Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface Specializations of epithelium

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells Figure 4.1

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Cells attach at specialized cell junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Maintaining the integrity of epithelium

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.2 Intercellular Connections Figure 4.2 PLAY Animation: Intercellular connections

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface Lamina lucida Lamina densa Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cells Structure of typical epithelium

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Number of cell layers Simple Stratified Shape of apical surface cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Classification of epithelia

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.3 Squamous Epithelia Figure 4.3

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia Figure 4.4a

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia Figure 4.4b

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Transitional Epithelium Figure 4.4c

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5a

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5b

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5c

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exocrine glands Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland Endocrine glands Release hormones into surrounding fluid Glandular epithelia

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Merocrine (product released through exocytosis) Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm) Holocrine (destroys the cell) Glandular secretions can be:

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.6 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion Figure 4.6 PLAY Animation: Mechanisms of glandular secretion

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unicellular Individual secretory cells Multicellular Organs containing glandular epithelium Classified according to structure Glands

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.7 Figure 4.7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Establishing a structural framework Transporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues Storing energy reserves Defending the body from microorganisms Connective tissue functions:

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Specialized cells Matrix Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance Connective tissues contain

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contains varied cell populations Contains various fiber types A syrupy ground substance Connective tissue proper

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fluid connective tissue Contains a distinctive cell population Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins Two types Blood Lymph

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Less diverse cell population Dense ground substance Closely packed fibers Two types Cartilage Bone Supporting connective tissues

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell population Fibroblasts Macrophage Adipocytes Mesenchymal cells Melanocytes Mast cells Lymphocytes Microphages Connective tissue proper

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three types of fiber Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers Connective tissue proper

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classified as loose or dense Loose Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues Areolar tissue Adipose tissue Reticular tissue Dense Dense regular CT Dense irregular CT Connective tissue proper

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.9 Adipose and Reticular Tissues Figure 4.9

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.10 Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4.10a

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.10 Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4.10b

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.10 Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4.10c

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix Blood Formed elements and plasma Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to the heart Capillaries allow diffusion into the interstitial fluid Lymph Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vessels Fluid connective tissues

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.11 Formed Elements of the Blood Figure 4.11

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body Cartilage Grows via interstitial and appositional growth Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate Cells called chondrocytes Cells found in lacunae Perichondrium separates cartilage from surrounding tissues Three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage Supporting connective tissues

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.13 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage Figure 4.13a, b

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.13 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage Figure 4.13c

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.13 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage Figure 4.13d

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has osteocytes Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrients Little ground substance Dense mineralized matrix Surrounded by periosteum Bone (or Osseus tissue)

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.14 Bone Figure 4.14

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Form a barrier Composed of epithelium and connective tissue Four types Cutaneous Synovial Serous Mucous Membranes are simple organs

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.15 Membranes Figure 4.15a-d

46. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Line cavities that communicate with the exterior Contain lamina propria Mucous membranes

47. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Line sealed internal cavities Form transudate Serous membranes

48. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cutaneous membrane Covers the body surface Synovial membrane Incomplete lining within joint cavities Cutaneous & Synovial membranes

49. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Network of connective tissue proper consisting of Superficial fascia Deep fascia Subserous fascia Organs and systems are interconnected

50. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.16 The Fasciae Figure 4.16

51. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Identify the four major tissue types and describe their functions. Describe the relationship between form and function for each tissue type. Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissues. Compare the structure and function of connective tissues.

52. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Explain the structure and function of the four types of membrane. Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each. Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue.