1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Chapter 4, part 1 The Tissue Level of Organization

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Identify the four major tissue types and describe their functions. Describe the relationship between form and function for each tissue type. Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissues. Compare the structure and function of connective tissues.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Explain the structure and function of the four types of membrane. Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each. Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue.

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 4-1 Tissues of the Body: An Introduction

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissues are: Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions Histology = study of tissues The four tissue types are: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Tissues and tissue types

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Includes glands and epithelium Glands are secretory Is avascular Forms a protective barrier that regulates permeability Cells may show polarity Epithelial tissue

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical protection Control permeability Provide sensation Produce specialized secretions Functions of epithelium

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Perform secretory functions Perform transport functions Maintain physical integrity Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface Specializations of epithelium

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells Figure 4.1

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Cells attach at specialized cell junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Maintaining the integrity of epithelium

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.2 Intercellular connections Figure 4.2 Animation: Intercellular connections PLAY

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface Lamina lucida Lamina densa Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cells Structure of typical epithelium

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Number of cell layers Simple Stratified Shape of apical surface cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Classification of epithelia

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial Tissues and their Classifications

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.3 Squamous Epithelia Figure 4.3

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Squamous Epithelial Tissue—Dermis and Epidermis

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia Figure 4.4a

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia Figure 4.4b

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Transitional Epithelium Figure 4.4c

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5a

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5b

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5c

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exocrine glands Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland Endocrine glands Release hormones into surrounding fluid Glandular epithelia

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Merocrine (product released through exocytosis) Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm) Holocrine (destroys the cell) Glandular secretions can be:

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.6 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion Figure 4.6 Animation: Mechanisms of glandular secretion PLAY

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unicellular Individual secretory cells Multicellular Organs containing glandular epithelium Classified according to structure Glands

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.7 Figure 4.7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands