1. Aristotle (384-322 BC) 367-347 BC Studies under Plato at Academy 342-c. 339 BC Tutor to Alexander the Great 335 BC Opens school at Athens (Lyceum) 323 BC Flees to Chalcis

2. Aristotle (384-322 BC) Polymath: maths, physics, astronomy, biology, philosophy, politics Link between study of world and philosophy Use of empirical evidence, but not experimental Use of others’ work

3. Logic as verbal reasoning Categories SubstanceTime QuantitySituation QualityCondition RelationAction PlacePassion

4. Objections to Plato’s Theory of Forms 1. Question of change 2. Question of knowledge 3. Questions of substance and form

5. Four Causes 1. Material Cause (bronze) 2. Efficient Cause (sculptor) 3. Formal Cause (idea) 4. Final Cause (idea)

6. Doctrine of the Mean Question of right and wrong linked to circumstances Each virtue linked to two vices Equity Highest good: exercise of reason

7. Shift in philosophy to art of living well, but need to understand world still recognised Division into schools and popularisation of philosophy Survival of Academy and Lyceum until 3rd c. BC

8. 306 BC Epicurus of Samos (341-271 BC), founds school (garden) of the Epicureans at Athens Titus Lucretius Carus (99-55 BC) School influential until 4th c. AD Epicureans

9. “Pleasure is the beginning and end of a life of blessedness.” Philosophy as way to happiness Epicureans

10. Fourfold rule of philosophy: 1. To free men from fear of the gods 2. To free men from fear of death 3. To show that pleasure is easy to attain 4. To expose short-lived nature of suffering and evil Epicureans

11. To gain happiness (freedom from care and pain): Seek pleasures that leave one master of oneself and imperturbable Keys to happiness: tranquillity, moderation, self-restraint Epicureans

12. c. 300 BC Stoic school founded by Zeno of Citium in stoa poikile (Painted Portico) in Athens Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (4 BC-65 AD) Stoics

13. Main goal: pursuit of happiness through exercise of virtue Philosophy identified with study of virtues (rational, natural, moral) Live according to order of universe, accept evils in life as corrective Morality based on duty Detachment from emotions Stoics

14. Skeptics: avoid judgments Cyrenaics: extreme hedonism Dialecticians: logical paradoxes Cynics: individual freedom and self-sufficiency, e.g. Diogenes of Sinope (d. 323 BC)