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The Structure of Culture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk2C gb__Zo8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk2C gb__Zo8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk2C gb__Zo8
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Culture complex Individual cultural traits that are interrelated. Gaming complex: Language Ownership of particular games, hardware, peripherals Value on new technology Realism Violence
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A. Three-Part System of Culture Leslie White’s “cultural materialist” theory (1971): I.Ideological subsystem (mentifacts) Ex.: language, religion, thoughts, feelings II. Technological subsystem (artifacts) Ex.: tools, clothes, housing III. Sociological subsystem (sociofacts) Ex.: social groups, economic & political systems, religious structures
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The Structure of Culture In addition to the traits/complexes model, we can analyze the structure of a culture by looking at the… Ideological subsystem Ideas, beliefs, knowledge of a culture Nonmaterial culture Ways of speech and communication Mentifacts: abstract belief systems that tell us what we ought to believe/value Basis of socialization
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Technological subsystem Material objects & techniques of their use Artifacts: objects we use to fill basic needs
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Sociological subsystem: patterns of interpersonal relations in social institutions Sociofacts: define the social organization of a culture How the individual functions within societal group (family, church, state) Of course, all of these subsystems are interconnected, and one object can be a part of all three (like your uniform!).
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1. Material objects placed on the landscape cities farms roads 2. The Cultural Landscape housing transportation networks parks, cemeteries B. Human Impacts on the Environment:
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: human made landscape cultural landscape: human made landscape * structures imposed on the physical landscape by the activities of humans * every group that occupies & dominates a geographic area leaves its imprint on the environment Ex: Balinese temples Islamic mosques Christian churches sports stadiums
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3. The Destructive Process deforestation (causes desertification & erosion) hunting animals to extinction use of fire not just a “modern” problem more industrialized, the more destructive (Monthly electricity bill of our school? A shopping mall?) Ancient Pueblo People (Anasazi) at Chaco Canyon: http://matrix.static.nationalgeographic. com/video/places/culture- places/historical/us_mesaverde/ http://matrix.static.nationalgeographic. com/video/places/culture- places/historical/us_mesaverde/
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Easter Island. What happened?
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cultural hearth: point of diffusion of a cultural group (the “cradle” of any culture) How Do Cultures Develop?
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development of a culture as it adapts to a new environment Multilinear Evolution: anthropologist Julian Steward in Theory of Culture Change described: 1. Diffusion 2. Cultural Convergence (increased sharing/similarities) 3. Cultural Divergence (differences in cultures) “Evolution” of Cultures? From similar origins, but through separate adaptations and independent innovations, distinctive cultures emerged.
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Cultural Change takes place through… independent invention: innovation, ideas created within a social group itself expansion diffusion: process by which innovation is transmitted across space relocation diffusion: spreads culture through a permanent move from one place to another
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Types of expansion diffusion: contagious diffusion: spreads through direct contact hierarchical diffusion: spreads through established structures, such as from urban centers outward Hearth Hearth: the point of origin of a cultural trait
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Type of diffusion?
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stimulus diffusion: when a specific trait is rejected, but the idea is accepted Siberians rejected cattle herding, but adopted reindeer herding instead.
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Factors that affect diffusion? distance population density means of communication Barriers to diffusion? physical barriers conflict zones
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acculturation: a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs & behaviors of another assimilation: one cultural group dominated by another syncretism: the merging of two different cultural forms ex: Santeria How do cultures interact? Phoenix Indian School, 1900 Pocahontas in England 1616
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