1. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, Sixth Edition © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Individual Strategies for Positive Behavior Supports

2. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-2 Behavioral Intervention Plans IDEA 2004 required: If a student’s behavior interferes with learning after a FBA identifies a target behavior Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP) must be developed BIP guides the teacher in decreasing or eliminating target behavior

3. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-3 Behavioral Intervention Plan IDEA requires BIP be individualized BIP should Be based on assessment data Identify target goal and performance criteria Provide positive behavior supports or reinforcements Be implemented with fidelity Be monitored for effectiveness

4. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-4 Differential Reinforcement increases the rate, duration, or intensity of behaviors that students already have in their repertoire but do not perform at acceptable levels

5. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-5 Differential Reinforcement Two applications of reinforcement 1. Increase occurrence of appropriate behavior after discriminative stimulus (SD) 2. Reinforce appropriate behavior while ignoring other behaviors

6. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-6 Different types Differential reinforcement of: other behaviors (DRO) alternative behaviors (DRA) or (DRC) incompatible behaviors (DRI) lower rates of behavior (DRL) higher rates of behavior (DRH)

7. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-7 Differential Reinforcement Strategies Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) Fixed- or who-interval DRO Momentary DRO DRO-reset interval DRO-increasing interval or DRO-fading schedule

8. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-8 DRA (Alternative) Purpose: substitute a behavior that is in a more appropriate form “Asking” for something instead of “demanding”

9. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-9 DRI (Incompatible) Purpose: substitute a behavior that can’t be done simultaneously with inappropriate one Often times the "new" behavior is simply the "opposite" of the one we wish to extinguish.

10. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-10 DRL (Low rates of behavior) Purpose: to lower the allowable amount of behavioral incidents until it reaches an acceptable level Because “less is sometimes better” – also we want to encourage “successive approximations”

11. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-11 DRH (Higher rates) Purpose: to raise the rate of behavioral response until it reaches an acceptable level Because “sometimes more is better” –we want to encourage “successive approximations”

12. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-12 Specific Behavior Reduction Strategies for BIP Context influences behavior Significant variables in teaching appropriate behavior Teacher’s behavior in the classroom Parents’ behavior in the home A number of behavior reduction strategies are available

13. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-13 Individual Social Skills Instruction Social stories written, in picture form or in video form, to remind students how to respond to different situations Social scripts Provide information, instruction, and a visual reminder to students on how to respond to situations

14. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-14 Extinction a procedure that gradually reduces the frequency and/or intensity of a target behavior by withholding reinforcement Consistency is critical Extinction burst Spontaneous recovery

15. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-15 Extinction Other factors Advantages Potential side effects Disadvantages

16. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-16 Time-out from positive reinforcement Nonexclusion time-out Exclusion time-out Advantages of time-out Potential side effects Disadvantages

17. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-17 Response Cost Response cost is the systematic removal of reinforcers that are contingent on inappropriate behavior Advantages Potential side effects Disadvantages

18. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-18 Other Issues Reinstitution Reinstitution overcorrection Positive practice Positive practice overcorrection

19. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-19 Medications Variety Can be effective does not change the antecedents or consequences which may contribute to behavior Should be paired with behavior management techniques

20. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12-20 Summary IDEA Act of 2004 requires BIP when interferes with learning Differential Reinforcement techniques can be an effective means to increasing desirable behaviors or decreasing undesirable ones Plans should be data-driven, monitored and evaluated