1. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Eighth Edition ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers Chapter 9: Arranging Consequences that Decrease Behavior

2. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Chapter Overview Procedural Alternatives for Behavior Reduction Level I: Reinforcement-Based Strategies Level II: Extinction Punishment Level III: Removal of Desirable Stimuli Level IV: Presentation of Aversive Stimuli Overcorrection

3. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Any consequence that makes a response less likely unishment

4. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Principles that Guide the Selection for Behavior Reduction Principle of least intrusive alternative Select the intervention that is least intrusive Selected intervention should be based on the identified function of the challenging behavior

5. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Hierarchy of Procedural Alternatives for Behavior Reduction Level I Strategies of differential reinforcement A. Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior (DRL) B. Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior(s) (DRO) C. Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) D. Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior(s) (DRA) E. Noncontingent Reinforcement Level II Extinction (terminating reinforcement) Level III Removal of desirable stimuli A. Response-cost procedures B. Time-out procedures Level IVPresentation of aversive stimuli A. Unconditioned aversive stimuli B. Conditioned aversive stimuli C. Overcorrection procedures

6. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Level I: Reinforcement-Based Strategies Using reinforcement based procedures to decrease behavior either by contingently reinforcing behavior on a differential basis or using reinforcement in a noncontingent manner. Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behaivor (DRL) Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaivors (DRO) Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA)

7. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Level I: Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Behavior used to decrease the rate of behaviors that, while tolerable or even desirable in low rates, are inappropriate when they occur too often or too rapidly 2 Versions: Full-Session DRL – compares the total number of responses in an entire session with a present criterion – reinforcer delivered if occurrences at or below that criterion Interval DRL – involves dividing a session into smaller intervals Example: Murray, a previously shy student, constantly talks to his classmates throughout the class period. While appropriate during group activities or free time, it is not appropriate at its current level

8. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Level I: Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior A reinforcing stimulus is delivered contingent on the target behavior’s not being emitted for a specified period of time Three Administrative Variations: Reinforcement contingent on the nonoccurrence of a behavior through a specified time period Reinforcement contingent on the nonoccurrence of a behavior within a time period that has been divided into smaller intervals DRO can be used with permanent product data. Example: For the students who work on their book reports quietly (refrain from talking to their neighbors) for 30 minutes, they will get to attend the ice cream social at the end of the day.

9. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Level I: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior and Incompatible Behavior Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA): An inappropriate behavior is replaced by a behavior considered more appropriate, positive, or standard. Alternative behavior is usually physically incompatible or functionally equivalent behavior Example: The student is reinforced for being “in seat” (the incompatible behavior is aimlessly wandering around the classroom) Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI): DRA procedure that reinforces a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction Example: A student with autism is reinforced for drawing pictures with the colored markers rather than stereotypically flipping them in front of himself.

10. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Noncontingent Reinforcement The delivery of reinforcers at predetermined intervals regardless of student behavior. Inappropriate behavior on extinction Example: Target Behavior: Calling out which is maintained by teacher attention NCR – calling out is ignored and the student receives teacher attention at a predetermined level of every five minutes

11. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Level II: Extinction Reduces behavior by withholding or terminating the positive reinforcer that maintains an inappropriate target behavior Characteristics of behaviors on extinction: Resistance to extinction Increased rate of behavior – extinction burst Extinction-induced aggression Spontaneous recovery Imitation or reinforcement by others Limited generalizability Sensory extinction

12. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Extinction Considerations Can the behavior be tolerated temporarily based on its topography and on its current rate of occurrence? Can an increase in the behavior be tolerated? Is the behavior likely to be imitated? Are the reinforcers known? Can reinforcement be withheld? Have alternative behaviors been identified for reinforcement? - Benoit & Mayer (1974)

13. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Punishment A consequent stimulus (S D ) that Decreases the future rate or probability of occurrence of behavior Is administered contingently on the production of the undesired or inappropriate behavior Is administered immediately following the production of the undesired or inappropriate behavior Remaining Levels III and IV employ punishment

14. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Level III: Removal of Desirable Stimuli Response-cost procedures: The withdrawal of specific amounts of reinforcer contingent on inappropriate behavior Example: Token Economy in which students have to pay tokens back for inappropriate behaviors Problems with response-cost procedures: Teacher must be able to withdraw the reinforcer once it has been given It is possible that all the reinforcers can be withdrawn

15. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Level III: Time-Out Procedures Decrease behavior by denying a student, for a fixed period of time, the opportunity to receive reinforcement Two Categories of Time-Out Nonexclusion Time-Out Procedures Exclusion Time-Out Procedures

16. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 Nonexclusion Time-Out Procedures The student remains in the instructional/activity area but the teacher denies the student access to reinforcers through a temporary manipulation of the environment. Forms of Nonexclusion Time-Out: Time-out ribbon Contingent observation Facial or visual screening (for more severe behaviors)

17. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Exclusion Time-Out Procedures The student is removed from the instructional/activity area. Seculsionary time-out – student is isolated, often reserved for behaviors of physical or verbal aggression and destruction of property

18. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 Level IV: Presentation of Aversive Stimuli Two Types of Aversive Stimuli: Unconditioned Aversive Stimuli - any naturally consequence that causes physical pain or discomfort to the student Example: touching a hot stove Also includes mild aversives which cause annyoance, discomfort, or irritation Mild aversives include administration of stubstances (e.g., water, lemon juice, and aromatic ammonia) and use of physical control (e.g., contingent exercise, physical restraint) Conditioned Aversive Stimuli – stimuli a person learns to experience as aversive as a result of pairing with an unconditioned aversive stimulus (e.g., gestures, vocal tones)

19. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Aversive Stimuli Minimum Guidelines for Using Aversives Demonstrated and documented failure of alternative nonaversive procedures to modify the target behavior. Informed written consent of the student’s parents or legal guardians The decision to implement an aversive procedure made by a designated body of qualified professionals A prearranged timetable for review of the effectiveness of the procedure and discontinuance of the procedure as soon as possible Periodic observation to ensure the staff member’s consistent and reliable administration of the procedure Documentation of the effectiveness of the procedure as well as evidence of increased accessibility to instruction Administration of the procedure by designated staff member(s) Positive reinforcement of incompatible behavior, whenever possible, as part of any program using aversive stimuli

20. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20 Level IV: Overcorrection Inappropriate behavior reduced through the exaggeration of experience. 2 Basic Forms: Restitutional Overcorrection – requires that the student restore or correct an environment that he or she has disturbed not only to its original condition but beyond that Positive-Practice Overcorrection – the student who engaged in an inappropriate behavior is required to engage in exaggerated or overly correct practice of the appropriate behavior

21. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21 Punishment Problems Severe punishment, fear and anxiety Severe punishment and avoidance Modeling of aggression 5.6 What are some of the problems with using punishment?