1. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis, (CH2O)n, or Cn(H2O)n-1.
Carbohydrates play critical roles as and
compounds in cells.
Carbohydrates are classified by the number of sugar units -

2. Carbohydrates
are the simplest form of carbohydrates containing three to nine carbon atom (CH2O)n. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids.
Important monosaccharides include glucose, ribose and deoxyribose.

3. Glucose
Glc in ring structure
Glucose as a straight chain

4. Glucose
Glucose (Glc) is one of the main products of photosynthesis and starts cellular respiration.
The cell uses it as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate. Glucose is the source for glycolysis and citric acid cycle in metabolic pathway.
Glc is produced commercially via the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.

5. D-ribose and Deoxyribose
Ribose and deoxyribose are pentose containing five carbon ring-structure sugar molecules
deoxyribose
D-ribose

6. Ribose and Deoxyribose
is a component of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) that plays central role for protein synthesis.
Ribose is critical to living creatures. It is also a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
is a component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is important genetic material.

7. Disaccharides
are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides via 1, 4-glycosidic linkage.
Maltose

8. Disaccharides Common disaccharides:
- sucrose (known as "table sugar", "cane
sugar")
- lactose (milk sugar)
- maltose produced during the malting of barley.

9. Oligosaccharides refer to a short chain of sugar molecules
- Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), which are found in banana and garlic, consist of short chains of fructose and glucose molecules (3-5 monosaccharide units).

10. Polysaccharides
are formed by the condensation of monosaccharides by glycosidic bonds.
Polysaccharides have a general formula of Cn(H2O)n-1 where n is usually a large number between 200 and 500.
They are very large, often branched, molecules.
They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste.
Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and structural polysaccharides such as chitin.

11. Chitin:
poly [b - (1, 4) acetamido deoxi - D - glucopyranose ]
CH3 C H
H N
CH2OH O n
N-acetylation degree of chitin, i.e.
percentage of acetylated amine (amide) 78 10 %

12. Summary of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are storage and structural compounds in cells.
Carbohydrates include monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Important monosaccharides are glucose and ribose.
- Glucose is the energy source for cell metabolism
- Ribose or deoxyribose is the unit for forming nucleotides and nucleic acid.
Important polysaccharides are storage starch, and structural chitin.