2. BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemical processes are chemical reactions that occur in ALL living things

3. Objectives: Classify the variety of organic compounds. Compare the chemical structures macromolecules and relate their importance to living things.

4. Do Now  What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

5. Elements of Life  96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

6. Molecules of Life  Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms  What are bodies made of? carbohydrates  sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids  DNA, RNA

7. The Role of Carbon in Organisms  Organic compounds contain carbon & hydrogen  Inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon & hydrogen

8.  Which of the following molecules is considered organic?

9. Acids and Bases  Use the pH scale to determine acidity

10. Building large molecules of life  Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers  Big molecules built from little molecules polymers

11. Building large organic molecules  Small molecules = building blocks  Bond them together = polymers

12. Making and Breaking of POLYMERS  Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up) Short polymer Unlinked monomer Removal of water molecule Longer polymer

13. Making and Breaking of POLYMERS  Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis ( hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split) Addition of water molecule

14. In class assignment  Make 2 monomers of glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 out of play dough (3 colors)  Create a polymer by simulating dehydration synthesis  Create 5 monomers by simulating hydrolysis

15. Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars

16. sucrose Carbohydrates  Function: quick energy energy storage structure  cell wall in plants  Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

17. Sugars = building blocks  Names for sugars usually end in glucose fructose sucrose maltose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 sucrose fructose maltose -ose

18. The structure of carbohydrates  The monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide*  (ie. glucose, fructose)  are the fuels for cellular work  Function as energy storage  Mono ~ one  sacchar ~ sugar)

19. Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

20. Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide

21. BIG carbohydrates  Polysaccharides large carbohydrates  starch energy storage in plants  potatoes  glycogen energy storage in animals  in liver & muscles  cellulose structure in plants  cell walls  chitin structure in arthropods & fungi  exoskeleton poly = many

22. Lipids  Examples fats oils waxes hormones  sex hormones testosterone (male) estrogen (female)

23. Lipids  Function: energy storage  very concentrated  twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs insulates body  think whale blubber!

24. Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

25. Saturated fats  Most animal fats solid at room temperature  Limit the amount in your diet contributes to heart disease deposits in arteries

26. Unsaturated fats  Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room temperature  the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together  Better choice in your diet

27. Other lipids in biology  Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it  including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease

28. Other lipids in biology  Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water  “like” water tails are on inside away from water  “scared” of water forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

29. Nucleic Acids Examples DNA  DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RNA  RiboNucleic Acid RNA

30. DNA Nucleic Acids  Function: genetic material  stores information genes blueprint for building proteins  DNA  RNA  proteins  transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation proteins

31. Nucleic acids  Building block = nucleotides  5 different nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  A, T, C, G, U nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide phosphate sugar N base Nitrogen bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

32. Nucleotide chains  Nucleic acids nucleotides chained into a polymer  DNA double-sided double helix A, C, G, T  RNA single-sided A, C, G, U phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base strong bonds RNA

33. DNA  Double strand twists into a double helix weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands  A pairs with T A :: T  C pairs with G C :: G the two strands can separate when our cells need to make copies of it weak bonds

34. Copying DNA  Replication copy DNA 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary  they are matching  have one, can build other  have one, can rebuild the whole

35.  Copying DNA pairing of the bases allows each strand to serve as a pattern for a new strand Newly copied strands of DNA DNA replication

36. collagen (skin) Proteins insulin Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws  collagen, keratin pepsin  digestive enzyme in stomach insulin  hormone that controls blood sugar levels pepsin

37. 4. PROTEINS  Essential to the structures and activities of life  Make up 50% of dry weight of cells  Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen PLUS nitrogen and sometimes sulfur  Proteins are involved in cellular structure Movement (muscles) Defense (antibodies) Transport (blood) Communication  Monomers are called amino acids

38. The structure of proteins  20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins. Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids R = variable group- which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids

39. Amino acid chains  Proteins amino acids chained into a polymer  Each amino acid is different  some “like” water & dissolve in it  some “fear” water & separate from it amino acid

40. pepsin For proteins: SHAPE matters! collagen  Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell!  Different shapes = different jobs hemoglobin growth hormone

41. It’s SHAPE that matters!  Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape  Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature”  temperature  pH (acidity) folded unfolded “denatured”

42. Macromolecules

43. Enzymes  Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.  (SEE SEPARATE LECTURE.)