1. FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD Unit 4

2. WAR Generally, if there is a war, there will be a famine Generally, if there is a war, there will be a famine Farmers can’t plant Farmers can’t plant Burning fields as sides in conflict pass through an area Burning fields as sides in conflict pass through an area

3. DEBT To pay debts to IMF and World bank, LDC may have to agree to “structural-adjustment programs To pay debts to IMF and World bank, LDC may have to agree to “structural-adjustment programs Improve profitability Improve profitability But reduced or no money spent on social programs But reduced or no money spent on social programs Monoculture: Monoculture: puts areas at risk puts areas at risk Reliance on fluctuating world prices Reliance on fluctuating world prices Cotton (Sudan); coffee (Ethiopia) Cotton (Sudan); coffee (Ethiopia)

4. TECHNOLOGY: GREEN REVOLUTION Super strains of wheat and rice Super strains of wheat and rice Lots of fertilizer Lots of fertilizer Controlled irrigation >waterlogging Controlled irrigation >waterlogging Controlled irrigation >excessive salt in the soil Controlled irrigation >excessive salt in the soil Pesticides Pesticides Costs of importing these chemicals Costs of importing these chemicals Loss of biodiversity Loss of biodiversity Monoculture. Risks from pests and failures Monoculture. Risks from pests and failures

5. TECHNOLOGY: GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS Foods whose genetic structure has been modified deliberately Foods whose genetic structure has been modified deliberately Growth of “green concrete” Growth of “green concrete” No insects, so no birds, no animals, etc No insects, so no birds, no animals, etc Terminator genes Terminator genes Genetic contamination. Super weeds Genetic contamination. Super weeds Threat to human health Threat to human health

6. TECHNOLOGY: FISHING ACTIVITY Offshore fishing: trawlers Offshore fishing: trawlers Overfishing Overfishing Discards lost Discards lost Habitats leveled off and lost Habitats leveled off and lost

7. GOVERNMENT POLICY Subsidies for larger boats and number of vessels in a fleet Subsidies for larger boats and number of vessels in a fleet Excluded other countries from their territory, but Excluded other countries from their territory, but No restrictions on own boats No restrictions on own boats Canada’s cod stocks P. 257 Canada’s cod stocks P. 257

8. AQUACULTURE: “Fish farms” Water pollution Water pollution Wetlands loss when area to be used is drained and converted Wetlands loss when area to be used is drained and converted Mangrove destruction (for shrimp farms) Mangrove destruction (for shrimp farms)