1. Presented by David Conrad SPED 592

2.  Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)  Not just feeling the blues  Was not until the 1970’s that diagnosis of depression in children was widely accepted

3.  2.5% of children  8.5% of Adolescents  50% increase in girls over boys

4.  29% of American Indian  22% of Hispanic Americans  18% of White Americans  17% of Asian Americans  15% of African Americans

5.  Genetics plays a role in depression  Parent dramatically increases a child’s risk  It is not known whether inherited genes specifically cause depression or whether inherited cognitive styles lead to depression

6.  Negative self-perceptions make individuals vulnerable  Distortions  Negative attributions  Hopelessness  Tendency to blame outcomes on external forces

7.  Stressful life events  Family size  Minority status  Physical and sexual abuse  Diabetes increase risk 20%  Immigrant children *Bullying has also been noted as a risk factor in the development of depression for both the bullied and those who bully.

8.  Depressed mood or irritable mood  Markedly diminished interest  Significant weight loss or gain  Insomnia  Psychomotor agitation or retardation  Fatigue or loss of energy  Feelings of worthlessness  Diminished ability to concentrate  Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

9.  Can carry on into adulthood  Poorer global functioning  Poor Relationships with family  Smaller social network  Lesser life satisfaction  Greater utilization of mental health services

10.  Short-term psychotherapy ◦ Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) ◦ Interpersonal therapy (IPT)  Medication ◦ Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ◦ Fluoxetine (prozac)  Combination of the two

11.  Focus on positive less on correcting in regards to feedback  Rotate seating; this builds confidence and the feeling of importance in individuals  Give individual attention to the students  Choose stand partners carefully, match struggling students with more capable students

12.  Make connection with students (notice changes in behaviors, personality, and motivation)  Communicate with other teachers that work with the student  Steer the student in the direction where they could get help

13.  Would not single out student  Give more individual attention whenever possible  Make connection with family

14. Depression in Children and Adolescents By Noel M. Davis The Journal of School Nursing