1. Determinants of Rational Use of Medicines Dr A K Sharma Prof & Head Dept of Pharmacology AFMC, Pune.

2. Rational use of medicines Patients receive medications: Appropriate to their clinical needs In doses meeting their individual requirement For an adequate period of time At lowest cost to them & their community

3. Pattern of use of medicines Globally, use of medicines at all levels is frequently: Inappropriate Ineffective Inefficient

4. Most misused medicines Antimicrobial agents Analgesics Vitamins

5. Factors for irrational use Lack of knowledge in prescribers & patients Unrestricted availability of medicines Inappropriate promotion of medicines Profit motives from selling medicines Overwork of health personnel Lack of diagnostic facilities Inadequate govt regulations or their enforcement

6. Prerequisites to curb Irrational use of medicines

7. Prerequisites to curb irrational use of medicines Monitoring of prescribing, dispensing and patient use so as to know: Types of irrational use Amount of irrational use Reasons for irrational use

8. Monitoring of use of medicines Aggregate medicine consumption data: To identify expensive medicines of lower efficacy To compare actual consumption versus expected consumption from morbidity data

9. Monitoring of use of medicines Anatomical Therapeutic Classification / Defined Daily Dose methodology: To compare medicine consumption among institutions, regions and countries

10. Monitoring of use of medicines At primary health care facility level: Prescribing indicators Patient care indicators Facility indicators Complementary indicators

11. Prescribingindicators

12. Prescribing indicators Mean no. of medicines prescribed per Prescription: Risk of following increases with increase in no. of medicines prescribed: Medicine antagonism Duplication of medicines Adverse effects, Compliance error Cost of treatment

13. Prescribing indicators Percentage of medicines prescribed by generic name: Use of brand names increases: Cost of treatment Risk of payment of a share of the profit to the prescriber Risk of duplication of medicines

14. Prescribing indicators Percentage of prescriptions containing antimicrobials and percentage of anti- microbials prescribed from all prescribed medicines: Overuse of antimicrobials can lead to: Development of medicine resistance Super-infections Allergies and other health hazards

15. Prescribing indicators Percentage of prescriptions containing injectables and percentage of injectable medicines prescribed from all prescribed medicines: Disadvantages of injections are: Inconvenient, Painful, Less safe Reqm of skilled personnel to administer Higher cost

16. Prescribing indicators Percentage of prescriptions containing vitamin ppr.s and percentage of vitamin ppr.s prescribed from all prescribed medicines: Overuse may be due to belief among many patients and some prescribers that they are useful to improve general health & quality of life

17. Prescribing indicators Percentage of medicines prescribed from the essential medicines list or formulary: Higher proportion of medicines prescribed from EML suggests it is probably due to the increased availability of essential medicines

18. Patientcareindicators

19. Patient care indicators Average consultation / dispensing time: Calculated by dividing the total time taken to consult / dispense medicines to series of patients by the number of patients.

20. Patient care indicators Percentage of medicines adequately labeled: Examine medicine packages / bottles, the patient had actually received. Percentage of patients with knowledge of correct dose: Time of administration and quantity for each medicine that was actually dispensed should be evaluated

21. Facilityindicators

22. Facility indicators Availability of essential medicines list or formulary to practitioners: Prescribers are asked whether any essential medicines list or formulary exists in the dept during the study period

23. Facility indicators Percentage of key medicines available: Key medicines: Essential medicines from national EML to treat common health problems in that area Availability of Std treatment guidelines: Prescribers are asked whether any such guidelines exists in the dept during the study period

24. Complementary indicators

25. Percentage of prescriptions in accordance with clinical guidelines Average medicine cost per encounter

26. Measures to improve RUM

27. Any medicine should be prescribed only when reasonable Prescribe minimum reqd no. of medicines Prefer cheaper but effective & safe medicine Prescribe medicines by generic names, in proper dosage form, dose and for adequate period

28. Measures to improve RUM Availability of essential medicines Follow standard treatment guidelines Inform patient adequately about the use Monitor the patient: Benefits & Adversities Training of prescribers for RUM Programs for public awareness Reform in drug legislation be considered

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