1. Database Design & Management

2. Contents (Summary) Concepts of Database Management
Database Designing and Modelling
Client-Server Architecture, Data Dictionaries
SQL
DDL,DML,Views ,Constraints
Oracle SQL
Distributed Database
Object oriented database
Database Administration

3. Method of Delivery Text Books Reference Book/s Lecture Slides
Lab work (SQL)
Helping notes or Reference website ( )

4. Key to success
Punctuality
Hard work
Practice
Devotion
Dedication

5. Text Book (1) Modern Database Management By:
Fred McFadden, Jeffrey Hoffer, Mary Prescott 5th Edition, Addison Wesley
(2) Database Systems Concepts By:
Silberschatz., Korth., Sudarshan 4th Edition
(3) Database Systems By:
Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg 3rd Edition
(4) An Introduction to Database Systems By:
C.J.Date

6. What is Data ?

7. Definition of Data
Data consists of Facts, text, graphics, images, sound and video segments that have meaning to user’s environment.
Data can exist in a variety of forms:
- As numbers or text on pieces of paper - As bits and bytes stored in electronic memory
- As facts stored in a person's mind.

8. Data Type Data is what we measure
Data type refers to the classification of a particular type of information
integer
floating point
character, string
date
student record
blob (binary large object)

9. Data in Context
Large volume of facts, difficult to interpret or make decisions based on

10. INFORMATION
Data that has been processed in such a way that it can increase the knowledge of person who uses it

11. Useful information that managers can use for decision making and interpretation

14. Data vs Information Data into information
Summarise data
Data In context (table)
Decision support
We use Database term without distinguish data or information

15. ACTIVITY Please write down the data for cricket match bowling
Do you get any information??

16. Definition of Database
“ Database is a shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization ”
Database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of users and preconceived applications in which these users are interested.

17. Alternative Terminology
Formal terms are mostly used for technical users.
Data processing terms are more natural for non technical users.

18. Computerized File Based Processing System

19. Computerized File-based Processing
File handling routines &
File definition
Sales files
Sales
File handling routines &
File definition
Contracts files
Contracts

20. File-based Systems
A collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).
Each program defines and manages its own data.

21. Three file processing systems
Duplicate Data

22. Limitation of Computerized File-based Approach
Separation and Isolation of data
Each application maintains its own set of data.
Users of one application may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other applications.
Duplication of data (data redundancy)
Same data is held by different files.
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of information systems budget

23. Limitation of File-based Approach
Accessibility
Data is stored using programs that are written in different languages and format
Cannot easily access other files due to incompatible file format.
No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs.
Hard Coded Queries (Data dependence)
File structure and all definition of data are defined in the application program code.
Programs are written to satisfy particular functions / requirements.
Any new requirement needs a new program.

24. Problems with Data Dependency
Each application programmer must maintain their own data
Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file
Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading, inserting, updating and deleting data
Lack of coordination and central control
Non-standard file formats

25. Problems with Data Redundancy
Waste of space to have duplicate data
Causes more maintenance headaches
The biggest Problem:
When data changes in one file, could cause inconsistencies
Compromises data integrity

26. Database Processing System
SOLUTION:
Database Processing System

27. Database Processing Sales Database Contracts Sales Application DBMS

28. The DATABASE Approach Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

29. Database Management System
DBMS
Database
containing
centralized
shared data
Application #1 #2 #3
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

30. Database Management System (DBMS)
A collection of programs that enables users to define,create and maintain and control access to the database.
General-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating databases for various applications.
Defining - specifying data types, structures, constraints.
Constructing - storing of data
Manipulation - querying, updating and reporting.

31. Popular DBMS In The Market
Sybase SQL Anywhere
Informix Dynamic Server
Borland Interbase

32. Database Management System
A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval system which permits data to be stored non-redundantly while making it appear to the user as if the data is well-integrated.

33. Advantages of Database Approach
Program-Data Independence
Metadata stored in DBMS, so applications don’t need to worry about data formats
Data queries/updates managed by DBMS so programs don’t need to process data access routines
Results in: increased application development and maintenance productivity
Minimal Data Redundancy
Leads to increased data integrity/consistency

34. Advantages of Database Approach
Improved Data Sharing
Different users get different views of the data
Enforcement of Standards
All data access is done in the same way
Improved Data Quality
Constraints, data validation rules
Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness
Use of standard data query language (SQL)
Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency
Disaster recovery is easier

35. Costs and Risks of the Database Approach
Up-front costs:
Installation Management Cost and Complexity
Conversion Costs
Cost of DBMS
Additional hardware costs.
Ongoing Costs:
Requires New, Specialized Personnel
Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
Higher impact of a failure
Organizational Conflict:
Old habits die hard

36. The Range of Database Applications
Personal Database – standalone desktop database
Workgroup Database – local area network (<25 users)
Department Database – local area network ( users)
Enterprise Database – wide-area network (hundreds or thousands of users)

37. Personal Computer Database

38. Workgroup database with local area network

39. An enterprise data warehouse

40. Components of DBMS Environment
1. Hardware
Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
2. Software
DBMS itself and operating system, including any network software if network is being used.
3. Data
Includes actual data used by the organization, and description of data (schema). Also a system catalog contains data such as the names of authorized users.

41. Components of DBMS Environment
4. Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database, and the use of the DBMS.
5. People
Data & Database Administrator
Database Designer :- Logical & Physical
Application Programmers
End Users

42. DBMS Environment Bridge Data Software Procedures Hardware People
Machine
Human

43. Database System Environment
Users/Programs
Application Programs/Queries
Software to Process
Queries/Programs
Software to Access Stored Data
Stored Database
Definition
Stored
Database

44. Evolution of DB Systems
Flat files s s
Hierarchical – 1970s s
Network – 1970s s
Relational – 1980s - present
Object-oriented – 1990s - present
Object-relational – 1990s - present
Data warehousing – 1980s - present
Web-enabled – 1990s - present

45. Summary Course Contents Data Information Data Vs Information
Database Terms
DBMS
Advantages
Disadvantages of DBMS
Comparison of Computerized File Based Processing System & Database System