1. Ecosystems and Energy Flow

2. Energy Transfer Primary producers Primary producers the trophic level that supports all othersthe trophic level that supports all others autotrophsautotrophs Primary consumers Primary consumers herbivoresherbivores Secondary/ tertiary/ quaternary consumers Secondary/ tertiary/ quaternary consumers carnivorescarnivores Detrivores/decomposers Detrivores/decomposers special consumers that derive nutrition from non-living organic matterspecial consumers that derive nutrition from non-living organic matter

3. Decomposers Break down/recycle organic matter Break down/recycle organic matter Fungi Fungi Bacteria Bacteria Some invertebrates (worms, etc) Some invertebrates (worms, etc)

4. Productivity Primary productivity- amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs Primary productivity- amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs Gross (GPP): total energyGross (GPP): total energy Net (NPP): represents the storage of energy available to consumersNet (NPP): represents the storage of energy available to consumers R: energy used for respirationR: energy used for respiration NPP = GPP - R NPP = GPP - R Biomass: primary productivity reflected as dry weight of organic material Biomass: primary productivity reflected as dry weight of organic material Secondary productivity: the rate at which an ecosystem's consumers convert chemical energy of the food they eat into their own new biomass Secondary productivity: the rate at which an ecosystem's consumers convert chemical energy of the food they eat into their own new biomass

5. Global NPP

6. Energy Flow Ecological efficiency Ecological efficiency % of E transferred from one trophic level to the next (10%)% of E transferred from one trophic level to the next (10%) Pyramid of productivity Pyramid of productivity multiplicative loss of energy in trophic levelsmultiplicative loss of energy in trophic levels Biomass pyramid Biomass pyramid trophic representation of biomass in ecosystemstrophic representation of biomass in ecosystems Pyramid of numbers Pyramid of numbers trophic representation of the number of organisms in an ecosystemtrophic representation of the number of organisms in an ecosystem Follows “rule of 10”Follows “rule of 10”

7. Chemical Cycling Biogeochemical cycles: the various nutrient circuits, which involve both abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem Biogeochemical cycles: the various nutrient circuits, which involve both abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem WaterWater CarbonCarbon NitrogenNitrogen PhosphorusPhosphorus

12. Pollution Water pollution Water pollution Sewage/agricultural runoffSewage/agricultural runoff Excess nitrogen causes eutrophicationExcess nitrogen causes eutrophication algal blooms kill fish algal blooms kill fish Creates “dead zones”Creates “dead zones” Air pollution Air pollution Burning of wood, coal, chemicals, fossil fuels, etc.Burning of wood, coal, chemicals, fossil fuels, etc. SmogSmog respiratory problems respiratory problems Acid precipitationAcid precipitation crop damage crop damage structural damage to buildings/statues structural damage to buildings/statues

13. Biological Magnification Trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated at higher levels Trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated at higher levels Buildup of toxins in predatory fishBuildup of toxins in predatory fish DDT Causes egg shells of predatory birds to become fragileDDT Causes egg shells of predatory birds to become fragile

14. Greenhouse Effect Warming of planet due to atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide Warming of planet due to atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels DeforestationDeforestation CO 2 traps heat from sunlight like a greenhouse CO 2 traps heat from sunlight like a greenhouse Results in Results in Increased ocean temps  death of coral reefsIncreased ocean temps  death of coral reefs Increased global temps  melting of polar ice caps/ raised ocean levels/changes in weather patternsIncreased global temps  melting of polar ice caps/ raised ocean levels/changes in weather patterns

15. Ozone Depletion Effect of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) released into the atmosphere Effect of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) released into the atmosphere Takes ~50 years for results to be seen after release of CFC’s (ie. the worst is yet to come)Takes ~50 years for results to be seen after release of CFC’s (ie. the worst is yet to come) Depletion of ozone  increased UV rays  skin cancer, crop damage, etc. Depletion of ozone  increased UV rays  skin cancer, crop damage, etc.