1. ROOT SYSTEM  ROOT IS AN underground cylindrical part of the plant which develops from radicle and grows vertically downward into the soil.

2. characteristics  Roots are cylindrical structures.  Root is positively geotropic.  Buds and leaves are absent.  Root is colourless due to absence of chlorophyll.  Root cap is present over the apex.

3. Third Chapter Plant Organs Section One Roots  Organ  Ones that are formed by many kinds of tissues, having certain external shape and inside structure and plant body component of carrying out certain physiological function.(review tissue)  vegetative organ (root,stem,leaf)  Organ  reproductive organ(flower,fruit,seed )

4.  Tissue  The source similar to the function is the same, shape structure and the cell group contacting each other closely is called the tissue.  Vegetative organ : Absorb playing, make and supply the body nutriment function of the plant, making the plant body grow, development with. Including the root, stem, leaf.  Reproductive organ :Play a role in breed the later generation and extend ethnicallying. Including the flower, fruit, seed.

5.  absorb function  transportation  supportion  Physiological function breeding  preservation  assimilation function  Medicinal value

6. Radix Ginseng Radix Notoginseng Radix Astragali Radix Ophiopogonis

8. Part One Forms and Types of Roots ★ Forms of Roots ★ Root Types 1 Main root and lateral root 2 Normal root and adventitious root Types of Root system tap root system and fibrous root system

9. 4 Abnormal root storage root fleshy tap root root tuber prop root aerial root climbing root water root parasitic root

10. 1. Coniform root 2. columniform ～ 3. pelletly ～ 4. Spindly root tuber 5. nubby root tuber

11. 1.Prop root 2.aerial root 3.climbing root 4.5.parasitic root

12.  Part Two  Inner Structure of Roots  Basic Structure of the Root Tip  Root cap  Region of Division  Region of Elongation  Region of Maturation

13. Basic Structure of the Root Tip 1.Maturation zone 2.Elongation zone 3.Meristematic zone 4.Root cap

14.  Primary Structure  Epidermis  exodermis  Cortex cortex parenchyma  endodermis casparian dots  passage cell 

15. Primary Structure of Dicotyledon Radicle 1.Epidermis 2.Cortex 3.Endodermis 4.Pericycle 5.Protoxylem 6.Metaxylem 7.Primary phloem 8.Immature metaxylem

17. Ⅰ.solid view of endodermis cells （ show casparian strip ） Ⅱ.transverse section view of endodermis cells （ show casparian dots ） 1.Cortex cell 2.endodermis 3.casparian strip 4.pericycle

18. Casparian dots or casprian strip Passage cell

19.  Vascular cylinder pericycle  primary xylem  (diarch, triarch,   tetrarch,hexarch,polyarch,etc)  primary phloem  ☆ Definition :  Exarch: The order of differentiation and maturation of primary xylem of root is from the outside to inside, and is known as exarch.

20. Formation of Lateral Root Transverse section of horsebean root 1 、 endodermis 2 、 pericycle

21. Formation of lateral root

22.  Secondary Structure of Roots  ① Origin and Activities of the Vascular Cambium   Cambium secondary phloem  secondary xylem 

23. Ⅰ.radicle （ dot and line show beginning place of cambium ） Ⅱ.cambium becomes consecutive tissue Ⅲ.whole cambium make secondary structure Ⅳ.cambium becomes a ring 1.Primary xylem 2.primary phloem 3.cambium 4. secondary xylem5.secondary phloem

25. The transverse section of MaDouLing Ⅰ. （ 1.phellem 2.phellogen 3.cortex 4starch grain 5.secretory cell ） Ⅱ. （ 1.phloem 2.sieve tube gang 3.cambium 4.ray 5.xylem ） Ⅲ. （ 1.xylem 2.ray ）

26. Secondary structure of root

27.  ② Origin and Activities of the Cork Cambium   Phellogen phellem   phelloderm Periderm and lenticel 1.Origination of phellogen 2.epidermis 3.phellogen 4.phellem 5.phelloderm 6.cortex parenchyma 7.supplementary cell

28. Anomalous Structure the model sketch of root anomalous structure Ⅰ.shanglu root Ⅱ.niuxi root Ⅲ.chuanniuxi root Ⅳ.heshouwu root 1.Phellem 2.Cortex 3.Phloem 4.Cambium 5.xylem

29. Symbiosis Phenomenon Root Nodule and Mycorrhiza