1. Water’s Three States of Matter
Water’s Thermal Properties
Water is solid, liquid, and gas at Earth’s surface.
Water influences Earth’s heat budget.
Water’s Three States of Matter

2. How much energy to sublimate?
Latent Heat of Vaporization = 600 calories / 1g
Latent Heat of Condensation = 600 calories / 1g
Latent Heat of Fusion= 80 calories / 1g
How much energy to sublimate?

3. Surface Salinity Variation by Latitude

4. Temperature and Density Variation With Depth
Pycnocline – abrupt change of density with depth
Thermocline – abrupt change of temperature with depth

5. CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction
The atmosphere and the ocean are coupled in many ways.
Earth has seasons because of the tilt on its axis.
There are three major wind belts in each hemisphere.
The Coriolis effect influences atmosphere and ocean behavior.
Oceanic climate patterns are related to solar energy distribution.

7. Heat Gained and Lost
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9. Density Variations in the Atmosphere
Convection cell – rising and sinking air
Warm air rises
Less dense
Cool air sinks
More dense
Moist air rises
Dry air sinks
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10. Movement of the Atmosphere
Air always flows from high to low pressure.
Wind – moving air
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11. Coriolis Force varies with latitude:
Figure 6.15: Except at the equator, a free-moving object heading either east or west (or any other direction) will appear from the earth to deviate from its path as the earth rotates beneath it. The deviation (Coriolis force) is greatest at the poles and decreases to zero at the equator.

12. Movements in the Air Example: a non-rotating Earth
Air rises at equator (low pressure)
Air sinks at poles (high pressure)
Air flows from high to low pressure
One convection cell or circulation cell
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13. Global Atmospheric Circulation
Circulation Cells – one in each hemisphere
Hadley Cell: 0–30 degrees latitude
Ferrel Cell: 30–60 degrees latitude
Polar Cell: 60–90 degrees latitude
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14. Global Atmospheric Circulation
High pressure zones – descending air
Subtropical highs – 30 degrees latitude
Polar highs –90 degrees latitude
Clear skies
Low pressure zones – rising air
Equatorial low – equator
Subpolar lows – 60 degrees latitude
Overcast skies with lots of precipitation
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15. Circulation Cells – one in each hemisphere
Polar Cell: 60–90 degrees latitude
Ferrel Cell: 30–60 degrees latitude
Hadley Cell: 0–30 degrees latitude

16. Winds Cyclonic flow Anticyclonic flow
Counterclockwise around a low in Northern Hemisphere
Clockwise around a low in Southern Hemisphere
Anticyclonic flow
Clockwise around a low in Northern Hemisphere
Counterclockwise around a low in Southern Hemisphere
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17. Figure 6.18: Winds and related forces around areas of low and high pressure above the friction level in the Northern Hemisphere. Notice that the pressure gradient force (PGF) is in red, while the Coriolis force (CF) is in blue.
Winds and related forces around areas of low and high pressure above the friction level in the Northern Hemisphere. Notice that the pressure gradient force (PGF) is in red, while the Coriolis force (CF) is in blue.

18. Fronts Fronts – boundaries between air masses
Warm front
Cold front
Storms typically develop at fronts.
Jet Stream – may cause unusual weather by steering air masses.
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19. CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation

20. Ekman Spiral Surface currents move at an angle to the wind.
The Ekman spiral describes speed and direction of seawater flow at different depths.
Each successive layer moves increasingly to the right in the Northern Hemisphere
Coriolis effect
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21. Ekman Transport Average movement of seawater under influence of wind
90 degrees to right of wind in Northern hemisphere
90 degrees to left of wind in Southern hemisphere
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22. Geostrophic Flow
Ekman transport piles up water within subtropical gyres.
Surface water flows downhill and to the right.
Geostrophic flow – balance of Coriolis Effect and gravitational forces
Ideal geostrophic flow
Friction generates actual geostrophic flow
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23. Coastal Upwelling Ekman transport moves surface seawater offshore.
Cool, nutrient-rich deep water comes up to replace displaced surface waters.
Example: U.S. West Coast
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24. Coastal Downwelling
Ekman transport moves surface seawater toward shore.
Water piles up, moves downward in water column
Lack of marine life
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25. Atmospheric-Ocean Connections in the Pacific Ocean
Walker Circulation Cell – normal conditions
Air pressure across equatorial Pacific is higher in eastern Pacific
Strong southeast trade winds
Pacific warm pool on western side of ocean
Thermocline deeper on western side
Upwelling off the coast of Peru
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26. Normal Conditions, Walker Circulation
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27. El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Walker Cell Circulation disrupted
High pressure in eastern Pacific weakens
Weaker trade winds
Warm pool migrates eastward
Thermocline deeper in eastern Pacific
Downwelling
Lower biological productivity
Peruvian fishing suffers
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28. ENSO Conditions in the Pacific Ocean
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29. La Niña – ENSO Cool Phase
Increased pressure difference across equatorial Pacific
Stronger trade winds
Stronger upwelling in eastern Pacific
Shallower thermocline
Cooler than normal seawater
Higher biological productivity
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30. La Niña Conditions
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31. Occurrence of ENSO Events
El Niño warm phase about every 2–10 years
Highly irregular
Phases usually last 12–18 months
10,000-year sediment record of events
ENSO may be part of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
Long-term natural climate cycle
Lasts 20–30 years
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32. Thermohaline Circulation
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33.
The term thermohaline circulation (THC) refers to a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo- referring to temperature and -haline referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of sea water. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling enroute, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water). This dense water then flows into the ocean basins . While the bulk of it upwells in the Southern Ocean, the oldest waters (with a transit time of around 1600 years) upwell in the North Pacific.
Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the Earth's oceans a global system. On their journey, the water masses transport both energy (in the form of heat) and matter (solids, dissolved substances and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the climate of the Earth.