1. Organic Chemistry Module 4: Organic Chemistry

2. All organic compounds are made with carbon Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding in its outer energy level. In order to become stable, carbon atoms form 4 covalent bonds.

3. Living things are mostly made of carbon compounds. These compounds are called organic compounds and their study is called organic chemistry

4. Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms as well as with many other elements. When carbon atoms bond with each other, they can form chains or rings.

5. Molecular Chains Carbon compounds vary greatly in size. Some contain 1-2 carbon atoms, while others contain 100’s or even 1000’s of carbon atoms. These large chains of carbons are called macromolecules

6. Monomers and Polymers The cell builds macromolecules by bonding small molecules (monomers) together to form long chains (polymers).

7. Monomers and Polymers Macromolecules are large molecules, or chains of molecules, found in the cell AKA known as polymers Monomers bond together to make polymers

8. Organic Molecules Molecules that contain carbon.

9. 4 types 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids

10. 1. Carbohydrates Most abundant carbon compound found in nature. Two types are monosaccarhides (sugar) and polysaccarides (starches)

11. Structure Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every one carbon atom. hydrogen carbon oxygen

12. Monosaccharides Simple sugars, monomers Monomer is glucose. (table sugar) Major source of quick energy Elements CHO

15. Monosaccharides Test = Benedicts Positive if color changes from blue to yellow, green, or red

16. Found in… pasta fruit honey

17. Hydrolysis breaking a disaccharide breaking a disaccharide water molecule splits water molecule splits occurs during digestion occurs during digestion

19. Polysaccharides Starches/Cellulose (makes plants sturdy and is the fiber you eat) A chain of monosaccharides makes a polysaccharide.

20. Condensation making a disaccharide making a disaccharide chemical reaction linking 2 monosaccharides chemical reaction linking 2 monosaccharides

22. Function Starch - Store energy for later use (last longer)

23. Test = Iodine Positive if color changes purple or black

24. Found in… potatoes pasta fruit honey corn

25. 2. Lipids Fats Oils Waxes NOT Soluble IN WATER (They don’t mix)

26. Monomers Glycerol and fatty acids are the monomers of lipids.

27. Structure Composed of long chains of carbons and hydrogen (fatty acids) and glycerol. Fatty acids contain a carboxyl functional group.

28. 2 classes of lipids Saturated Unsaturated

29. Saturated Have a carbon chain in which all carbon- carbon bonds are single. Hard to break down. Usually exist as solids. Found in animal fat.

30. Found in… Butter Animal fats Waxes Membranes Lipid bilayer of cell membrane Candle wax

31. Unsaturated Have a carbon chain in which 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present. Easier to break down. Usually exist as liquids. Found in vegetable oils.

32. Found in… Vegetable oil Membranes Lipid bilayer of cell membrane

33. Function Insulation Protection Long term energy storage Help make up biological membranes (cell membranes)

34. 3. Proteins Essential to all life. Composed of amino acids (monomer) There are 20 different amino acids found in living organisms.

35. Composed of… Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Amino acids are held together by a peptide bond.

36. Found in… muscle enzymes and antibodies hair skin

37. Functions Give structure (bone and muscle) Transport nutrients in and out of cell Allow muscles to contract (chemical messengers) Speed up chemical reactions

38. Test = Biurets Positive violet Pink means peptides present

39. Enzymes Speeds up reactions – biological catalyst Help organisms maintain an internal balance - homeostasis Are proteins Enzyme activity is affected by pH Temperature Concentration

40. 40 Enzymes

41. 41 What Are Enzymes? Proteins Most enzymes are Proteins Catalyst Act as Catalyst to accelerate a reaction Not permanently Not permanently changed in the process

42. 42 Enzymes catalyze Are specific for the reaction they will catalyze Reusable Are Reusable ase End in –ase-Sucrase-Lactase-Maltase

43. 43 How do enzymes Work? weakening bonds which lowers activation energy Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy

44. 44 Enzymes Free Energy Progress of the reaction Reactants Products Free energy of activation Without Enzyme With Enzyme

45. 45

46. 46 Enzyme-Substrate Complex substance enzyme substrate The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the substrate Enzyme Substrate Joins Enzyme-substrate complex = when the substrate joins the enzyme

47. 47 Active Site restricted region enzyme bindssubstrate A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. Enzyme Substrate Active Site

48. 48 What Affects Enzyme Activity?

49. 49 1. Environmental Conditions a. Extreme Temperature are the most dangerous a. Extreme Temperature are the most dangerous - high temps denature (unfold) enzyme. - high temps may denature (unfold) the enzyme. b.pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) c.Ionic concentration (salt ions)

50. 50 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) vitamins enzymatic activity Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. Example: Example: Ironquaternary structure-hemoglobin pick up oxygen. Iron must be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

51. 51 3. Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors a. Competitive inhibitors: resembleenzyme’s normal substrate competeactive site a. Competitive inhibitors: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site. Enzyme Competitive inhibitor Substrate

52. 52 Inhibitors b.Noncompetitive inhibitors: do not enter the active site bind to another part enzyme enzymechange its shape alters the active site Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active site. Enzyme active site altered Noncompetitive Inhibitor Substrate

53. 4. Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides (monomers). Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base. Nitrogen

54. Composed of… Long strings of nucleotides held together that make up DNA and RNA. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

55. Found in… All living things! Even found in viruses, which are classified as “nonliving,” but that is controversial.

56. Functions Store, transmit, and transfer the genetic code. Responsible for making and coding for all proteins.

57. 57 Types of Carbon Compounds Carbon Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats and oilsNucleotidesAmino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,