1. Swiss politics and political institutions: 6. What about the citizens? Prof. Dr. Andreas Ladner iMPA 2011

2. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Module 1 1.Society and History 2.Federalism and Municipalities 3.Government and Parliament 4.Direct Democracy 5.Party system and Parties 6.What about the citizens? 7.BADAC – Cantons (Dr. Christophe Koller)

3. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 |

4. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 |

5. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | What makes people vote what makes them decide for a specific party?  Sociological approaches (class, occupation, ethnicity, sex, age)  Approaches of political scientists (issues, political programs, electoral campaigns, and the popularity of party leaders )  Social psychological approaches (relate voting decisions to the voter's psychological predispositions or attitudes, for example party identification)  Rational Choice (cost-benefit calculations)

6. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Spatial theories of voting  Proximity Voting (Downs 1957)  Directional Voting (Rabinowitz und Macdonald 1989)

7. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Rouiller 2009:2

8. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | References  Budge, I. and D. Farlie (1983). Explaining and Predicting Elections: Issue Effects and Party Strategies in Twenty-Three Democracies. London: George Allen & Unwin.  Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.  Grofman, Bernard (1985): The Neglected Role of the Status Quo in Models of Issue Voting. In: The Journal of Politics, 47, 230-237.  Iversen, Torben (1994): Political Leadership and Representation in West European Democracies: A Test of Three Models of Voting. In: American Journal of Political Science, 45-74.  Kedar, Orit (2005): When Moderate Voter prefer Extreme Parties: Policy Balancing in Parliamentary Elections. In: American Political Science Review 99: 185-199.  Rabinowitz, G. and S. E. Macdonald (1989). 'A Directional Theory of Issue Voting', The American Political Science Review, 83(1): 93-121.  Stokes, D. E. (1963). 'Spatial Models of Party Competition', The American Political Science Review, 57(2): 368-77.

9. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 |

10. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Who takes part in elections? Männer = men; Frauen = women

11. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Age?

12. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Participation in popular votes according to age blue = over 30 years old; red = under 30 years old

13. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Participation according to age and gender Männer = men; Frauen = women

14. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | What leads to higher participation: education, income and marriage

15. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | What leads to higher participation: clear preferences and political interest

16. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | The voting decision according to age Life cycle or generation effects? Swiss People’s Party Liberal Party Christian Democrats Social Democrats Green Party

17. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Catholics and Voting Decision 1995 to 2007 Christian Democrats Swiss People’s Party

18. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Dealignment and Realignment  Dealignment: The Catholics no longer vote for the Christian Democrats only; and the workers no longer vote for the Social Democrats.  Realignment: The Swiss People‘s Party found a new group of followers with its program based on traditional, conservative Swiss values and a strong stance against immigration and international integration. The Social Democrats also found a new group of followers among better educated professionals working for the state sector or in creative professions.

19. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | The voters on a left-right scale

20. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Who would the non voters vote for? Swiss People’s Party Liberal Party Christian Democrats Social Democrats Green Party Preferences non voters Preferences voters

21. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | How will we vote in future? From a show of hands and ballot boxes...

22. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 |... to postal voting, and then?

23. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 |

24. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | E-voting Pre-Voting Sphere Voting Sphere Post-Voting Sphere  Campaign and decision making  The act of voting  Analysis, control

25. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Elections for the National Council 2007  3089 candidates  311 lists

26. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | How to find the right party or the right candidate?

27. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | The Swiss voting system: (party) lists with “Kumulieren” and “Panaschieren”

28. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | VAAs (Voting Advice Applications)

29. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Election – Democracy UK – 280k

30. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | CH: www.smartvote.ch

31. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 |

32. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Policy domains

33. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Questionnaire

34. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | “Advice or recommendation”

35. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Matching list (Candidates or parties)

36. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Additional information

37. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | You compared to the candidate/party (smartspider)

38. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Some results from our studies  Increasing and high participation of candidates (from 50 % in 2003 up to more than 80 % of about 3000 candidates in 2007)  The candidates seem to like the tool!  Increasing use of the tool (900’000 recommendations, about 300’000 users in 2007, 8 % of the voters)  Highly satisfied users (over 90 %)  The tool addresses specific parts of the population  Smartvote matters in terms of turnout and in terms of the outcome of elections

39. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | And what’s next?

40. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | The tunnel! Le vote électronique Smartvote

41. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Smartvote 200+: From the matching list to the ballot list

42. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Let’s open the tunnel?

43. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | The last meter  Smartvote gives us the possibility to select electronically  E-Voting gives us the possibility to vote electronically => There is (are) only one (a few) click(s) from the selection to the vote!

44. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Additional tools:  Smartmonitor (roll call votes)  Smartinfo (for initiatives and referendums)

45. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | The more demanding an electoral (political) system is, the more helpful are such e-tools. If e-tools matter, they are also used. E-tools have to be simple and user-friendly. Conclusions

46. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | www.mypolitics.ch

47. | ©IDHEAP – Andreas.Ladner@idheap.unil.ch | | 11/11/2015 | Thank you for your attention!