1. Chapter 10 Muslim Civilizations

2. Section 1: The Rise of Islam

3. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Followers are called Muslim.
Emerged in the Arabian Peninsula.
Muhammad becomes a Prophet
Mecca
A thriving center of trade
Most Arabs prayed at the Kaaba to Pagan gods.
Pilgrims made Mecca merchants wealthy.
Born in Mecca around A.D. 570
Early Life he worked as a shepherd among the Bedouins.
Later became a successful merchant

4. Mecca

5. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
At 25 Married a wealthy widow Khadija
Who ran a caravan business
Became known for his honesty.
According to Muslim tradition he became a prophet at age 40.
When he was asked by the Angel Gabriel to become God’s messenger.
Muhammad became terrified and puzzled
Thought how can a illiterate merchant, become the messenger of God.
Khadija encouraged him to accept the call
Frist to call it Islam

6. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Muhammad Devoted his life to spreading Islam
He urged Arabs to give up their worship of pagan gods and submit to the one true God.
Allah
The Hija: A Turning Point
At first few people listened to Muhammad
In 622 he and his followers fled Mecca for Yathrib.
Merchants were fearful that his teachings would interrupt pilgrim trade.
Also had a threat of Murder
The Journey was known as the Hijra.

7. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Yathrib would later be known as Medina.
The Hijra was the turning point.
In Medina, Muslim converts welcomed Muhammad and agreed to spread his teachings
They became the first umma or Muslim community
Loyalty to the umma was based on Islam not old family rivalries.
Muhammad created rules that governed and united Muslims and brought peace among the clans of Medina
Many Arabs began to adopt Islam due to Muhammad’s reputation

8. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Meccan leaders grew more hostile towards the Muslims
Muslims attacked several caravans and Meccans prepared for War.
After fighting battles with Meccans, Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630
He destroyed the idols in Kaaba
Temple built by Abraham to worship the one true God.
Rededicated it to Allah
Became the holy place for Islam
Muhammad died in 632.
The faith continued to spread
Today, Islam is a major world religion

10. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Teachings of Islam
Islam is monotheistic
The Quran, the scared text of Islam
Teaches that God is all-powerful and compassionate
Islam doesn’t require the priest to mediate between the people and God.
Muslims believe that God sends prophets
Includes Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
To Muslims, Muhammad was the latest and greatest prophet

11. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Muslims Study the Quran
To Muslims, the Quran contains the scared word of god as revealed to Muhammad.
The Quran teaches that about God’s will and provides a guide to life.
Ethical standards emphasize honesty, generosity and social justice.
According to the Quran, Each individual will stand before God on the final judgment day
Faces either eternal punishment or eternal bliss in paradise
Muslims believe that the Quran is the direct, unchangeable word of God

12. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
All converts to Islam learn Arabic.
Arabic is the shared language that helped to unite Muslims from many regions of the world.
Muslims Follow Duties
Muslims perform five basic duties
First to declaration of faith
Second Pray five times a day
A mosques are were they gather to pray.
Third is to give charity to the poor
Fourth is to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadon
Fifth make a Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca, if able

13. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Another duty is a Jihad, or Struggle in God’s service
Jihad is a personal duty of a Muslim
May take the form of a holy war
Crusades
A holy war may be declared for a community, not by an individual
“People of the Book”
Because Jews and Christians worship the same God, Muslims call the “People of the Book.”
Most cases have been allowed religious freedom in Muslim societies

14. Section 1: The Rise of Islam

15. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Islam: A way of Life
Islam is both a religion and a way of life.
Sharia is a body of laws the interprets the Quran and applies religious principles to legal situations.
Helps Muslim societies govern daily life.
Moral Conduct, family life, business practices, and government
Doesn’t make a difference between criminal and civil law

16. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Impact on Women
Before the Islam, the position of women varied
In some communities women were very active
Most communities placed limited right on women
According to the Quran women are spiritually equal to men.
But they have different roles.
Women were allowed to be educated so they could read the Quran
As Islam spread custom were added, The practice of upper class women veiling was a Persian custom
The Quran says women should dress moderately
Rural women didn’t veil, because of work.

18. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
Early Challenges to Islam
Muslims faced many problems when Muhammad died and didn’t name a successor
Muslims eventually agreed that Abu Bakr as first caliph
Muhammad’s father in law
Successor to Muhammad
In 632 Abu Bakr became the first Caliph.
United all Arab tribes as Muslims.
Once united the Muslims defeated the Persians.
And Parts of the Byzantine empire.

19. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
To some loyalty of some Arabs depended on Muhammad’s personal command.
Some Arabs refused to follow Abu Bakr and withdrew loyalty to Islam
Abu Bakr managed to unite the remaining Muslims
Started and military campaigns
Began to convert remaining Arab tribe to Islam
End warfare and united them under one leader
Issues arise.
After Muhammad’s Death issues arose between Sunni and Shiite Muslims.

20. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
Divisions Emerge within Islam
Shiites
Believe that Muhammad’s true successors must be descendants of his son-in-law, Ali or Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
They should also be religious leaders and interpret the Quran.
Sunnis
Believe that male Muslims from Muhammad’s tribe can lead without performing religious functions.
Inspiration comes from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers.

21. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
Today
About 90% of Muslims are Sunni.
Both groups believe in the same God, the Quran, and the five pillars of Islam.
They differ in religious practices, laws, and rules about daily life.
A third group the Sufis,.
Sufis
meditate and fast to gain communion with God
They spread Islam by traveling, preaching and being good examples to others.

22. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
Sunni Umayyad
In the 700’s, a powerful clan set up the Sunni Umayyad caliphate.
They directed conquest that extended the Muslim empire.
From Spain to the Indus River Valley.
The empire last until 750.
Expanding the Muslim Empire
From Egypt, Arab armies moved west, defeating the Byzantine forces across North Africa
Crossed into Spain in 731, moved towards France
Defeated by the Frankish at the Battle of Tours, 732

23. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
Reasons for Muslim Success
One weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires
Fought each into exhaustion
Second Arabs’ bold, efficient, fighting methods
Mounted cavalry and mobile offensives
Treatment of Conquered People
They imposed a special tax on non-Muslims.
But Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians could still worship.
The Umayyads didn’t force “People of the Book” to convert
Tax was used to support the Arab armies
Christians and Jews had important roles
Doctors, officials and translators

24. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
Were urged to remain separate from native populations
In time, many non-Muslims convert to Islam
To gain political and economic power
In later centuries Islam spread to Turkey and Central Asia
Turks and Mongols
Decline of the Umayyad Caliphate
Umayyads begin to decline (fall in 750)
Arabs had to adapt from living in the deserts to ruling huge territories.
Ruled like tribal leaders instead of kings.

25. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
They often relied on non-Arab officials to help rule their land.
Economic tensions rose between the wealthy and the poor when wealthy conquests began to slow down. (Caliphs continued to lived luxuriously)

27. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
Rise of the Abbasid Dynasty
Abu al-Abbas, descendent from Muhammad’s uncle
Ended conquest.
Treated all Muslims equal
Supported Education and learning.
Enjoyed a golden age with a more efficient government .
Capital to Baghdad from Damascus
Influenced by Persian traditions.
Mosques with minarets graced the cities.
Markets sold good from afar.

28. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
Muslim Culture in Spain
Separate Muslim state
In Spain the Umayyads established a separate state.
Muslims ruled parts of Spain until 1492.
Were tolerant of other religions, supported scholars, and constructed grand buildings.

29. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire
The Muslim Empires Decline
As the empire declined, independent dynasties took over.
Seljuk Turks gained power and their sultan controlled Baghdad by 1055.
Kept the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead.
In 1216 the Mongols attacked across SW Asia.
Genghis Khan
Burned Baghdad in 1258 ending the Abbasid dynasty
Adopted Islam

31. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Under the Abbasids, Muslim civilization absorbed tradition from many cultures.
Cities from Baghdad to Cordoba, Spain
Many people lived under Muslim rule
Included Jews and Christians
The works produced by Abbasid period shaped Muslim culture and civilization
Christian European scholars began to study Muslim philosophy, art, science.
Reintroduced ideas of Greco-Roman civilization

32. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Social and Economic Advances
Muslim rulers united diverse cultures
Arabs, Persians, Egyptian, African, and European. Later, Mongols, Turks, Indians and Southwest Asians.
Continued to absorb and blend many traditions
Muslims Build an International trade Network
Merchants were honored in Muslim culture
Muhammad was a merchant
Between 750 and 1350 merchants built a vast trading network across Muslims lands and beyond

33. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Camel caravans “Ships of the Desert” crossed the Sahara into West Africa.
Muslim, Jewish and Christian traders traveled the Silk road towards China
Monsoons carried Arab ships from East Africa to India and Southeast Asia.
Trade spread products, technologies, knowledge and culture.
Muslim merchants introduced an Indian number system into the Western World
Later know was Arabic numerals

34. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Traders also carried sugar from India and papermaking from China
Introduced Islam to these areas
As people converted, Arabic spread and helped the global exchange to grow.
Muslims began to create partnerships
Began to buy and sell credit
Banks began to form
Open branch banks in all major cities
Baghdad to Cairo

35. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Manufacturing Goods are Highly Valued
In Muslim cities guilds developed like in Medieval Europe
Head of guilds, chosen by members
Had the authority to regulate prices, weights and m and measures, methods of production and quality of product
Work done by waged workers
Goods are demanded around Muslim world.

36. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Agriculture Thrives
Outside of cities agriculture flourished across a variety of climates and landforms
Both Umayyad and Abbasid rulers took step to preserve and extend agricultural lands
Small farming communities face the scarcity of water.
The Abbasid organized massive irrigation projects and drained swampland between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

37. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Farmers also began to produced goods for far off markets.
Sugar cane, cotton, medicinal herbs and flowers
The desert continued to support nomads who lived in the desert.
Herders bought dates and grains from farmers
Farmer got meat, wool, and hides
Herders also provide pack animals and guide for the caravan trade

38. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Social Structure and Slavery
Muslim society in the 700’s and 800s were more open than Christian Europe
Muslim has some social mobility
People could improve their rank through religious, scholarly or military achievements
Slavery was a common institution in Muslim lands,
Islamic law encouraged freeing of slaves as an act of charity
Slaves were often from conquered lands, because Muslims were not to enslave other Muslims

39. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
If a slave converted to Islam they didn’t become free
A female slave who bore a child by her Muslim owner gained freedom upon masters death
Children born of a slave mother and a free father were also considered free.
Most slaves worked as household servants, some were skilled artisans
Abbasid caliph created Turk Slave-Soldiers
Men were often educated under Islamic law

40. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Muslim Arts, Literature and Architecture
Muslim art and literature reflected the diverse traditions of various people who lived under Muslim rule
The great work of literature was the Quran
The Quran banned the worship of idols
Muslim religious leader forbade artists to portray God or human figures in religious art
Gave Islamic art a distinctive style

42. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Poetry and Tales of Adventure
Arabs had a rich tradition of oral poetry
Poets chanted dangers of desert journeys, joys of battle or the glories of their clans
Important theme are Chivalry and the romance of nomadic life.
Later Arab poets develop a elaborate formal rules and explore both religious and worldly themes
Arab writers also prized the art of storytelling
Also gathered and adapted stories from Indian, Persian, Greek, Jewish, Egyptian and Turkish sources

43. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Religious Buildings
Domed mosques and high minarets dominate Muslims cities
Adapted from Byzantine
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, 668
Inside the dome is decorated with elaborate abstract, geometric patterns
Muslim artists perfected skills in calligraphy
Verses from the Quran to decorations on building

44. Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

46. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Nonreligious Art
Some artists painted human and animal figures in nonreligious art
Arabic scientific works and literary works
Later Persian, Turkish and Indian Artists painted miniatures to illustrate books of poems and fables
Muslims Seek Knowledge
Although Muhammad could not read or write, he respected learning
Both Girls and Boys received elementary education
Skills needed to study the Quran

47. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Centers of Learning
Al-Mamun and later caliphs established Baghdad as the greatest center of Islamic learning.
Its libraries attracted well paid and highly respected scholars.
Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu were also known as center of Islamic Learning
In these cities scholars advances in philosophy, math, medicine and other areas.
Also preserved the learning from earlier civilization by translating ancient Persian, Sanskrit and Greek texts into Arabic

48. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Philosophy and History
Muslim scholars translated works of the Greek philosophers, as well the Hindu and Buddhist texts
Tried to harmonize Greek Idea about reason with religious beliefs on divine revelation
In Cardoba, the philosopher Inb Rushd (Averroe) Put all known except the Quran to the test of reason.
His writings about Aristotle were translated in Latin and influenced Christian scholars in Europe

49. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Ibn Khaldun set standards for scientific study of History
He stressed economic and social structures as a cause of historical events
Also warned about common causes of error in historical writings
Bias, exaggeration and overconfidence in the accuracy of sources
Urged historians to trust sources only after a thorough investigation

50. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Mathematics
Al-Khwarizmi, pioneered the study of algebra
Wrote a book in the 800s that became a standard mathematic textbook in Europe
Also developed a set of astronomical tables based on Greek and Indian discoveries.
Medicine
Built upon the knowledge of the Ancient Greeks
Muslims made advancements in medicine and public health

51. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
Under the caliphs, physicians and pharmacist had to pass a test before they could practice in their profession
The government set up hospitals, with emergency rooms
Physicians travelled to rural areas to provide healthcare to those who could not get to the city
Also visited jails
Muhammad al-Razi, head physician at Baghdad’s chief hospital
Pioneered the study measles and smallpox
Treated the mind as well as the body(challenged previous practices)

52. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
He thought if doctors were hopefully with their patients, recovery would happen quicker
The Persian doctor Ibn Sina
Created the Canon on Medicine
Greek, Arab and his ideas about treating and diagnosing diseases.
Other Muslims surgeons developed a way to treat cataracts
Using a hollow needle to remove fluid
Arab Pharmacists were the first to mix bitter medicines into sweet-tasting syrups and gums

53. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age
European physicians began to attend Muslim universities in Spain.
Arabic medical text were translated into Latin
The works of Ibn Sina and al-Razi became the standard medical textbook at European schools for 500 years

55. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
The arrivals of Islam brought changes to India as great as great as those caused by the Aryan migration.
The Delhi Sultanate
After the Gupta empire fell about 550, India fell again into fragmented into local kingdom
Rival princes battled for control of the Northern plain
The Sultan of Delhi Defeat the Hindus
By 1100’s Muslims controlled Northern India.
A sultan established Delhi as the capital of the Delhi sultanate.
Muslim attacks included onslaughts that killed many Hindus and destroyed Buddhist Temples.

56. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Sultan of Ghur defeated the Hindus and made Delhi the capital
The Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206 to 1526
Marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India
The Muslims won because of the mounted archers that greater mobility than the Hindu forces
Hindus forces used slow moving war elephants
Also the Hindu princes wasted resources fighting each other instead of a common enemy

57. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
A large number of lower caste Hindu’s convert to Islam and fight against Indian Hindu’s.
It was their only hope for a better life.
Muslim Rule Changes Indian Government and Society
Sultans introduce Muslim traditions of government.
Many Turks, Persians, and Arab migrated to India to serve as soldiers
Many Muslim’s moving to Delhi from Baghdad,
Including scholars and adventurers
Due to Mongol raids in the 1200s
Bring Persian and Greek learning to new areas
Persian art and architecture with flourish

58. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
The Sultans lose power
1398- Tamerlane invades India. (descendent to Genghis Khan)
Plundered and smashed the Northern plain and Delhi
Thousands of artisans enslaved. They are to build Tamerlane’s capital at Samarkand.
Northern India is again fragmented into rival Hindu and Muslim states.

59. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Muslims and Hindus Clash
Clash
Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs clashed and created many conflicts.
Muslims worshiped a single god, while Hindus prayed to several.
Hindus accepted the caste system, while Islam promoted equality.
Hindus celebrate religion with music and dance, a practice not found in Islam
Blended
Gradually the cultures blended.
Muslim rulers allowed Hindus to practice their religion.
Some rajahs continued governing.

60. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
A Blending of Cultures
Muslim leaders grow more tolerant of their Hindu subjects.
Hindus were allowed to practice their religion as long as they paid a poll tax.
Some Rajahs- local Hindu rulers, were left in place.
Indian Muslims would absorb elements of the Hindu culture, such as marriage customs and caste ideas.
Urdu- new language (blended Persian, Hindi and Arabic)
Sikhism a new religion developed that combined Muslim and Hindu ideas.

61. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Mughal India
In 1526, Turks and Mongols poured into India through the mountain passes
Babur, claimed descent from Genghis Khan and Tamerlane.
Poet and author
Babur founds the Mughal dynasty
Babur a great Muslim leader.
Defeated armies of the Delhi sultanate and established the Mughal dynasty.
It ruled from
Lands included much of the Indian subcontinent.
Akbar ruled the Mughal dynasty from

62. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Akbar the Great
Chief builder of the Mughal empire is Babur’s grandson, Akbar.
Akbar created a strong central government.
He was a Muslim that won support from the Hindus because of his policy of toleration.
Ended tax on non-muslim
Opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes.
Hindu princes were partners in ruling the empire.
Akbar would marry a Hindu princess

63. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Could not read or write.
Consulted leaders of many religions.
Wanted religious harmony and toleration
Wants all to accept India’s diversity
Modernized the army
Encouraged International trade
Standards weight and measures
Introduced land reforms

64. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Akbar’s Successor.
Nur Jahan (Akbar’s son’s wife) managed the government after Akbar died.
Most powerful woman in Indian history until the 1900’s.
The height of Mughal literature, art, and architecture came during the reign of Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan.
As a tomb for his wife he built the Taj Mahal.
Highpoint of Indian literature and art comes under Jahan
Married to Mumtaz Mahal
She died at age 39 after having 14 children.
Builds a tomb for her, Taj Mahal

66. Taj Mahal Designed by a Persian architect
Domes and minarets reflected in clear blue reflecting pools.
Verses from the Quran adorn the inside walls.
The greatest monument of the Mughal empire.

67. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Shah Jahan planned to build a twin structure as a tomb for himself.
But before he could, his son seized the throne.
Shah Jahan was kept imprisoned until his death.

69. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires
While the Mughals Ruled India, two other dynasties dominated the Middle east
Ottoman and Safavid
The Mughals, Ottomans and Safavid owe their success to the weapons that changed warfare
Cannons, and later muskets

71. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires

72. Ottoman: Selim I (ruled 1512-1520)
took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia – included Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah.
took the title of caliph
Extended empire from Black Sea to Red Sea to Strait of Gibraltar.
little impact on North Africa.
Appointed Pashas

73. Ottoman: Suleiman I expanded into Europe and the western Med. Sea.
He was a great military commander, but he known for his legislation as well.
He codified Ottoman law keeping Islamic faith, took into account Christian inhabitants of the Empire, addressed taxes, and built more schools.
married a harem girl from Poland, Roxelana, and had 5 children with her.
executed his eldest son Mustafa
Roxelana’s son Selim took power when Suleiman died in 1566.

74. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires

75. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires

76. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires

77. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires

78. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires

79. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires

80. Section5: Ottoman and Safavid Empires