1. 病理生理学 Pathophysiology 山东大学医学院病理生理学教研室

2. Introduction Pathophysiology: The ology is to study the mechanisms of the occurrence, development and outcome of the diseases Pathological anatomy Pathology Pathophysiology The alteration function Pathophysiology in process of metabolism disease structure Pathological anatomy

3. for example: bronchial alveolar edema structure congestion lobar pneumonia function hypoventilation, metabolism diffusion impairment hypoxia, acidosis, shock The task,position and content of pathophysiology The methods of investigation The history

4. Introduction of disease Ⅰ. concept of disease causes disturbances abnormal conditions of homeostasis life process Ⅱ. causes and conditions of disease cause(etiology): condition: inducing factor(precipitating factor):

5. for example pneumococcal pneumonia cause(etiology): pneumococcus condition: cold, tired pulmonary tuberculosis cause: tubercular bacillus condition: worry, malnutrition Ⅲ. pathogenesis of disease It studies how the etiology can cause the disease in the body.

6. 1. The general rule of pathogenesis in disease ① damage and anti-damage damage: defence anti-damage adaptation compensation for example: food poisoning toxin vomiting, diarrhea (damage) (anti-damage) trauma: The dual nature of response of anti-damage:

7. ② reverse of cause-result reverse cause result cause result for example: food toxication diarrhea dehydration low blood volume acidosis shock ③ part and whole

8. 2. The basic pathogenesis ① nervous mechanism injury of nervous system cause disease disturbance of the function injury: epidemic meningitis, cephalitis, poliomyelitis functional hypertension, disturbance: hepatic encephalopathy

9. ② humoral mechanism pathogenic alteration of the volume and agent activity of humoral factors disturbance of the homeostasis disease hormone humoral general humoral factor factor local humoral factor cellular factor

10. the acting endocrine paracrine manner of humoral factor: autocrine

11. ③ cellular mechanism cause damage of cells disease mitochondria cause lysosome

12. for example: injury of cell membrane cellular edema free injury of mitochondria ATP radical injury of lysosome autolysis ④ Molecular mechanism cause effect of the nucleic acid, protein and enzyme disease

13. 图 1 正常大鼠主动脉内皮细胞铺片 ET 阴性 ×400 图 2 高脂血症大鼠主动脉内皮细胞铺片 ET 阳性 ×400 例：免疫组织化学实验技术测定细胞中内皮素（ ET ）表达

14. 例：高糖大鼠外周血白细胞 iNOS-mRNA 表达的变化 N: 正常大鼠外周血白细胞原位杂交片 (×1000); A: 高糖饮水 2 个月外周血白细胞原位杂交片 (×1000); B: 高糖饮水 4 个月外周血白细胞原位杂交片 (×1000); C: 高糖饮水 6 个月外周血白细胞原位杂交片 (×1000); ( 胞浆内深蓝着色为 iNOS-mRNA 阳性杂交信号，核固红复染。 )

15. Ⅳ. Outcome of disease complete 1. recovery incomplete 2. death concept of brain death death of irreversible coma standard of cerebrum appearance of liner EEG brain death ( electroencephalogram) death of dilated pupil brain-stem stop of respiration absent of nervous reflex

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