1. The Protestant Reformation Through Maps World History

2. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16 c Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice- regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

3. Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545

4. Causes of the Reformation?  Church corruption  Avignon Papacy  Conciliarism  Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace] Attacked papal authority The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!  Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy  Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land  Papal need for money  indulgences  Printing Press

5. The Spread of the Printing Press

6. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c “Why the Germanies?” The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c “Why the Germanies?”

7. The Spread of Lutheranism

8. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

10. Johann Gutenberg

11. Johann Gutenberg’s Printing Press

12. Gutenberg’s Printing of the Bible

13. Calvin’s World in the 16 c

14. John Calvin’s Church in Geneva Switzerland

15. John Calvin’s School in Geneva Switzerland l

16. John Calvin’s School

17. Reformation Wall in Geneva Switzerland

18. Reformation Wall, Geneva Switzerland Four larger-than-life central figures on the Mur de la Reformation (1909-17). From left to right, they are: Guillaume Farel, the first to preach the Reformation in Geneva; John Calvin, leader of the Reformation movement and spiritual father of Geneva; Theodore Beza, Calvin's successor; and John Knox, a Scottish preacher, friend of Calvin, and founder of Scottish Presbyterianism.

19. Reformation Wall, Geneva Switzerland-John Calvin

20. John Calvin’s Unmarked Tomb Geneva, Switzerland

21. Reformation Wall

22. John Knox Preaches

23. The Lord’s Prayer (English)

24. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16 c )

25. The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

26. Reformation Europe (Late 16 c )