1. ON BECOMING FILIPINO AMERICAN CARLOS BULOSAN AND THE MANONG GENERATION

3. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION March 17, 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan claims Philippines for Spain Aug 1896 – Andres Bonifacio begins armed revolt against Spanish authorities 1898: April - Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo makes unofficial alliance with the U.S. at start of Spanish American War June 12 – Aguinaldo declares independence Dec – US and Spain sign Treaty of Paris – US buys Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico for $20million

4. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR 1823 – Monroe Doctrine 1868 – Cubans fight for independence – Ten Years War 1895 – Jose Marti leads second Cuban rebellion Feb 1898 – the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor April 1898 – Declaration of War against Spain American forces battle Spanish forces in Philippines, Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico

5. THE PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR Feb 1899 – start of armed conflict between U.S. & Filipino forces 1902 declared official end of Philippine American War Philippine Insurrection begins – guerilla fighters continue to resist American use of scorched earth campaigns, concentration camps and waterboarding Estimated # of casualties is anywhere from 250,000 to 1 million The contradiction of US Democracy and Empire: “There is the case of the Philippines... I thought we should act as their protector—not try to get them under our heel. We were to relieve them from Spanish tyranny to enable them to set up a government of their own... It was not to be a government according to our ideas, but a government that represented the feeling of the majority of the Filipinos, a government according to Filipino ideas... But now—why, we have got into a mess, a quagmire from which each fresh step renders the difficulty of extrication immensely greater.” –Mark Twain

7. McKinley contemplates map of the Philippines while Lady Justice pulls back the curtain to show him reality of Philippine American War.

8. Political cartoon from Judge The caption reads: the Filipino’s first bath. President McKinley stands in the pool of civilization in front of the white house. In the background, Puerto Rico and Cuba have just had their bath.

9. Caption reads: The White Man’s Burden Uncle Sam follows John Bull to the Lady of Civilization.

10. MIGRATION & MANONGS 1902 – 1934 Philippines under direct U.S. military control Filipinos could travel to the U.S. as “nationals” with a U.S. passport First major wave of Filipino migration: Pensionados – students Laborers – Hawaiian plantations, Alaskan canneries, west coast agriculture Now known as the “manong” generation – “manong” is Ilocano term of respect for your male elder Mostly young and unmarried – anti-miscegenation laws and alien land laws prevented their settlement and ensured their lives as migrant farm labor 1930s – anti-Filipino riots up and down west coast

11. CARLOS BULOSAN Nov 24, 1913 – born in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines July 22, 1930 – arrived in Seattle Worked in Alaskan canneries and as migrant farm labor 1935 – started involvement in workers movement and labor organizing 1936 – hospitalized for tuberculosis 1944 – Laughter of my Father 1946 – America is in the Heart 1950 – blacklisted for membership in CPUSA 1956 – died of tuberculosis in Seattle

12. INDEPENDENCE & IMMIGRATION 1934 – Tydings McDuffie Act In response to onset of Great Depression 10 year preparation period for independence Philippine immigration limited to 50 per year 1935 – Filipino Repatriation Act July 4, 1946 – Philippine independence recognized by US Clark Air Base remains largest U.S. base in Asia until 1991 1965 Immigration Act – banishes national quotas and institutes immigration preferences of occupation and family reunification – largest wave of immigration 2011 – 4 million Filipino Americans 25% live in California San Diego = 2 nd largest Fil Am population in nation; Fil Am constitutes largest Asian minority in SD

13. SHORT STORIES OF CARLOS BULOSAN How does Bulosan depict the Philippines? America? Why do Bulosan’s characters choose to immigrate? How would you describe the relationship Bulosan’s narrators and characters have with America?