1. The Scramble for Africa © Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com

2. WHAT IS IMPERIALISM? A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Basically, it is when a country goes into other countries and takes them over. They do this because they want: – Resources (food, oil, etc) – More land – Trading partners – Labor force (workers)

3. PROS/CONS Pros of ImperialismCons of Imperialism Exchange of culturesOppression of cultures Development of less-fortunate nationsRuled by far away countries More usable resourcesExhaust resources Trading partnersAbuse of natives (people who are originally in the country) More land for expansion of kingdom and population Invasion of ideas and people Take over of country can be aggressive

4. THE “DARK” CONTINENT “Dark Continent” – racist terminology referred to both the peoples of Africa and their alleged ignorance In reality, Africa has always had diverse groups of people with their own unique cultures and histories – Civilizations – Languages – Religions

5. GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA Continent – not a country Continent is three times larger than Europe Northern Africa – desert Mid-to-southern Africa – diverse climates and topography

6. FOREIGN HISTORY IN AFRICA Greeks controlled Egypt after conquest by Alexander the Great – Ptolemaic dynasty Romans ruled all areas along the Mediterranean coastline, including northern Africa – Mediterranean – “Roman lake” Arab traders converted many Africans to Islam from the 7 th century Source of slaves for the Americas from the 17 th century But little foreign interest in the interior of sub-Saharan Africa

7. The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA Mid-1800s Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa

8. DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873) Scottish missionary 1841-1873 – lived in central Africa – Explored Africa Named Lake Victoria after the British queen – Converted many Africans to Christianity – Wrote books on Africa which piqued foreign interest 1871 – reported “lost” – “Found” by Henry Stanley – “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

9. HENRY STANLEY (1841-1904) Welsh-American reporter “Found” Dr. Livingstone in Africa – “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Explored Africa – Congo River – Lake Tanganyika – Lake Victoria Worked with Belgium’s King Leopold II and his African colonization company – International African Society

10. KARL PETERS (1856-1918) German explorer in Africa Organized and propagandized for Germany’s colonial expansion – Founded the Society for German Colonization Acquired German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania) Convinced Otto von Bismarck to take over German East Africa and increase Germany’s colonies in Africa

11. CECIL RHODES (1853-1902) British businessman and politician in southern Africa Made a fortune from African diamond mines Established South African Company – Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896) – Wanted British control over South Africa – Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad Architect of British imperialism in southern Africa – Great Britain became leading colonial power in southern Africa

12. CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)

13. KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM (1835-1909) Took over land in central Africa Berlin Conference (1885) – Leopold’s control over Congo Free State recognized by major powers Belgian Congo (1908) – Leopold criticized for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo – Leopold forced to sell Congo Free State to Belgian government – Renamed Belgian Congo Created European race for African colonies – “Scramble for Africa” – Diamonds, foodstuffs, gold, ivory, rubber

14. BRITISH IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 1815 – British took Cape Colony from the Dutch – Boers moved north Transvaal – 1886 – gold discovered and British moved in – 1881 and 1895 – British attempted to take Transvaal from the Boers Orange Free State Boer War (1899-1892) – Dutch led by President Paul Kruger – British won

15. UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA Created in 1910 Included Cape Colony, Orange Free State, Natal, and Transvaal Self-government

16. BRITISH COLONIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) – Named for Cecil Rhodes – North of Union of South Africa Bechuanaland (now Botswana) – 1885 – became a British protectorate Kenya – 1888 – became a British protectorate

18. BRITISH IN NORTH AFRICA Egypt – in name ruled by Ottoman Turks, but largely independent European capital investments – Suez Canal opened in 1869 Built by the Egyptians and French Taken over by the British (1875) – British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli » Bought shares in Suez Canal Company from Egypt Egypt was nearly bankrupt from the expense of building the Suez Canal » British government became largest shareholder

19. EUROPEANS IN EGYPT 1870s – with the Egyptian government bankrupt, the British and French took over financial control of the country – Egyptian monarchs (technically Ottoman viceroys) ruled as puppet leaders 1882 – Egyptian nationalist rebellion – France withdrew its troops – Great Britain left in control of Egypt Lord Cromer introduced reforms – De facto British protectorate Made official in 1914 Independence came in 1922

20. BRITISH IN NORTHERN AFRICA Sudan – Area south of Egypt – Under Anglo-Egyptian control – Cotton needed for British textile mills – Entente Cordiale (1904) Great Britain controlled Sudan France controlled Morocco Cape-to-Cairo Railroad – Idea of Cecil Rhodes – Would secure Great Britain’s dominance in Africa – Never completed – sections missing through modern Sudan and Uganda

21. Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls

22. FRENCH IN AFRICA Algeria – 1830 – invasion – 1831 – annexation Tunis – 1881 – controlled by France Led Italy to join the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany Morocco – 1881 – large part under French control – 1905 and 1911 – nearly sparked a European war between France and Germany 1906 – Algeciras Conference – Germany recognized French rights in Morocco 1911 – Agadir Crisis – Germany recognized French protectorate over Morocco in exchange for part of France’s territory in the Congo

23. FRENCH IN AFRICA Madagascar – 1896 – controlled by France Somaliland – 1880s – partly under French control West Africa – Late 1800s – largely under French control Sudan – 1898 – met Britain’s area of control and nearly went to war – Entente Cordiale settled British-French disputes in Africa

24. FRENCH IN AFRICA By World War I – 1914 – France controlled 3,250,000 square miles in Africa 14 times the area of France – France ruled 30,000,000 Africans 75% of the population of France

25. GERMANS IN AFRICA Togoland (now Togo and Ghana) Cameroons (now Cameroon and Nigeria) Southwest Africa (now Namibia) East Africa (now Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania)

26. ITALIANS IN AFRICA 1882-1896 – Eritrea (along the Red Sea) – Somaliland (along the Indian Ocean, part of today’s Somalia) 1896 – Defeated in attempt to conquer Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 1912 – Won Tripoli from Ottoman Turks

27. BELGIANS IN AFRICA 1908 – Belgium gained control of Congo (Congo Free State) from King Leopold II – Leopold was infamous for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo Congo Free State (today’s Democratic Republic of Congo) – 80 times the size of Belgium – Source of uranium

28. PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA Under “old imperialism” Portugal gained African territory and led the early trans-Atlantic African slave trade Angola Mozambique Portuguese territory in Africa, 1810

29. SPANISH IN AFRICA Spain had very few possessions in Africa Tip of Morocco Rio de Oro Rio Muni

30. AFRICANS IN AFRICA By the time of the First World War (1914) – Only 2 independent African countries Abyssinia (Ethiopia) – Ruled by dynasty stretching back to at least the 13 th century – Last emperor was Haile Selassie, deposed in 1974 – Home to Ethiopian Orthodox Christian Church (strongly tied to Egyptian Coptic Church) Liberia – Formed by freed slaves under auspices of the United States government

31. SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA- other countries carved up Africa like a cake and claimed different pieces/lands.

34. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1.What led to the “Scramble for Africa”? 2.Which European nations controlled the most land in Africa? 3.Who led British imperialism in Africa? 4.Which African nations were left independent at the time of World War I? (1918)