1. Nelson Mandela A Hero for All Ages “ For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others. ”

2. Outline of Presentation Historical Background Apartheid in South Africa Childhood Education and Early Career Political Activism The Treason Trial The Pan Africanist Congress –The Sharpeville Massacre Travel and Arrest The Rivonia Trial –“ I am Prepared to Die ” Imprisonment Release The End of Apartheid Presidency Retirement

3. Historical Background South Africa populated by native tribes –Xhosa, Zulu, and Sotho people Dutch arrived in 17 th century –Attracted by fertile land, mines with gold, diamonds –Descendents referred to as Boers or Afrikaners Friction between two groups Afrikaner National Party created in 1940 ’ s –Asserted economic and social control over blacks –Invented apartheid to maintain control “ Separateness ” in Afrikaans

4. Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid laws first appeared in 1949 –Prohibited interracial marriages –Reserved better paying jobs for whites –Segregation 1950 Population Regulation Act –Required that all citizens be racially classified Black Africans forced to carry credentials 1951 Bantu Authorities Act –Created four “ homelands ” –Denationalized nine million 1953 Public Safety Act & Criminal Law Amendment Act –Severe punishment for even non-violent protesting Fines, imprisonment, whippings –Could be detained without a hearing for up to six months Thousands died in custody, often after torture Punished with death, exile, life imprisonment

5. Childhood Born July 18, 1918 in Mvezo, East Cape Province –Small village –Region a.k.a. Transkei Home to Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe Named Rolihlahla ( “ troublemaker ” ) Son of Henry Mandela, Chief of Mvezo –Advisor to Jongintaba Dalindyebo Paramount Chief of Thembu Guardian after father died in 1930 Attended meetings conducted by Jongintaba –Learned about governance Descendent of Thembu royalty –Guaranteed position as royal advisor

6. Education and Early Career Attended Methodist missionary schools –Renamed Nelson Enrolled at University of Fort Hare in 1938 –Befriended Oliver Tambo Both expelled in 1940 for political activism Worked at law firm in Johannesburg –Took course provided by University of South Africa at night Obtained Bachelor ’ s degree in art in 1941 Studied law at University of Witwatersrand Opened firm with Oliver Tambo in 1952 –First black African legal practice

7. Political Activism Joined African National Congress in 1944 Formed Youth League with Oliver Tambo –Secretary of ANCYL in 1947 National Party won election of 1948 –New ANC president approved by ANCYL President of ANCYL in 1951 Banned from ANC in 1952 –Prohibited from attending meetings or holding an office –Confined to Johannesburg area ANC operated underground

8. The Treason Trial 156 nationalists arrested December 5 th, 1956 –Included Mandela and Albert Luthuli, President of ANC –Leaders of Congress Alliance Combination of five major anti-apartheid organizations Charged with high treason –Punishable by death Acquitted in March of 1961

9. The Pan Africanist Congress Formed by more radical members of ANC –Rivalry between ANC and PAC 69 demonstrators killed at Sharpeville on March 21, 1960 Both groups formed military wings in 1961 Umkhonto we Sizwe ( “ Spear of the Nation ” ) –Mandela appointed first commander of MK PAC ’ s Poqo and MK prepare sabotage

10. The Sharpeville Massacre

11. Travel and Arrest Mandela left country in secret in 1962 Attended Conference of Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa –Conference of African nationalist leaders in Addis Ababa –Provided with Ethiopian passport by Haile Selassie Traveled to Algeria for military training –Guerilla warfare Next to London to visit Tambo –Arrested upon return

12. The Rivonia Trial Charged for leaving country –Sentenced to five years in prison MK HQ at Lilieslief raided on July 11 th, 1963 –Arrested leaders charged with 221 counts of sabotage Mandela delivered four hour statement –“ I am Prepared to Die ” Sentenced to life imprisonment plus five years

13. “ During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. ”

14. Imprisonment Gained local and international support –Pressured South African government to release Mandela Hidden from media –Moved several times Offered freedom in 1976 –Told that in exchange he must withdraw from political activism –Refused this and subsequent offers

15. Release Frederik Willem de Klerk became president in 1989 –Lifted ban on all political parties –Released all political prisoners not guilty of violent crimes On February 11 th, 1990 Mandela was released

16. The End of Apartheid Replaced Tambo as president of ANC Convention for Democratic South America formed in 1991 –To negotiate transitional government –Both Mandela and de Klerk involved Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize in December of 1993 First multiracial election in South Africa in April of 1994 –ANC won by 62% –Government of National Unity Maximum of five years while new constitution formed –Mandela became president of South Africa

17. Presidency Inaugurated May 10 th, 1994 First black president of South Africa Aimed to improve social and economic conditions for black majority –Large scale redistribution of wealth Truth and Reconciliation Commission –Human rights violations from old regime –Improved living standards of black population Better housing and education Violence control –Afrikaner Resistance Movement Extremists opposing new government using terrorism Legislation to protect workers –Workplace safety, overtime pay, minimum wage

18. Retirement Decided not to run for reelection in 1997 Supported Thabo Mbeki –Inaugurated June 16, 1999 Retired from public life in 2004 Committed to fight against HIV/AIDS epidemic –Son Makgatho Mandela died of AIDS on January 6 th, 2005

19. “ We have at last achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender, and other discrimination... Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another... Let freedom reign. ”

20. Information Bibliography Internet Sources: Bobby-Evans, Alistair. “ Biography: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. ” About, Inc. 2007. 5 Apr. 2007. http://africanhistory.about.com/od/mandelanelson/a/bio_mandela.htm http://africanhistory.about.com/od/mandelanelson/a/bio_mandela.htm Mandela: An Audio History. 2004. 5 Apr. 2007. http://www.radiodiaries.org/mandela/time2.htmlhttp://www.radiodiaries.org/mandela/time2.html “ Mandela, Nelson. ” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica Online School Edition. 13 Mar. 2007. http://school.eb.com/article-9050484http://school.eb.com/article-9050484 “ Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa. ” Biography Resource Center. 14 Mar. 2007. http://galenet.galegroup.com http://galenet.galegroup.com Nixon, Rob. “ Mandela, Messianism, and the Media. ” Transition, No. 51. (1991), pp. 42-55. JSTOR. 13 Mar. 2007. http://links.jstor.orghttp://links.jstor.org “ The History of Apartheid in South Africa. ” 1995. Computer Science Dept., Stanford U. 4 Apr. 2007. http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html Book Sources: Oliver, Roland, and Anthony Atmore. Africa Since 1800. 5 th ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Up, 2005. Other Sources: Mandela, Nelson. “ Inaugural Address. ” Union Building, Pretoria. 10 May 1994. Mandela Nelson. “ I Am Prepared to Die. ” Pretoria Supreme Court, Transvaal. 20 Apr. 1964.

21. Image Bibliography Slide 1: http://www.ic-creations.com/SouthAfrica/Pages/Men/menpic8.htmhttp://www.ic-creations.com/SouthAfrica/Pages/Men/menpic8.htm Slide 2: http://www.southafrica.to/people/Quotes/NelsonMandela/NelsonMandela.htmhttp://www.southafrica.to/people/Quotes/NelsonMandela/NelsonMandela.htm Slide 5: http://www.southafrica.to/people/Quotes/NelsonMandela/NelsonMandela.htmhttp://www.southafrica.to/people/Quotes/NelsonMandela/NelsonMandela.htm Slide 6: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela's_statement_from_the_dock_at_the_Rivonia_Trial http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela's_statement_from_the_dock_at_the_Rivonia_Trial Slide 7: https://segue.atlas.uiuc.edu/index.php?action=site&site=mbuckle2https://segue.atlas.uiuc.edu/index.php?action=site&site=mbuckle2 Slide 8: http://www.jurgenschadeberg.com/c02.htmhttp://www.jurgenschadeberg.com/c02.htm Slide 10: http://www.andrelevy.net/photos/arc/apartheid/default.htmhttp://www.andrelevy.net/photos/arc/apartheid/default.htm Slide 12: http://www.ais.up.ac.za/human/bookmonth/april06/slovo3.jpghttp://www.ais.up.ac.za/human/bookmonth/april06/slovo3.jpg Slide 14: http://167.206.67.164/WebImages/FA_HTMLs/dubowem/world_history_II.htmlhttp://167.206.67.164/WebImages/FA_HTMLs/dubowem/world_history_II.html Slide 15: http://www.jwelford.demon.co.uk/brainwaremap/assert.htmlhttp://www.jwelford.demon.co.uk/brainwaremap/assert.html Slide 16: http://joburg.twoday.net/topics/05...+Apartheid/ http://joburg.twoday.net/topics/05...+Apartheid/ Slide 17: http://anniversary.sipri.org/book/book_html/images/sipri_40_www_img_32.jpghttp://anniversary.sipri.org/book/book_html/images/sipri_40_www_img_32.jpg Slide 18: http://www.truthrising.org/46664.htmlhttp://www.truthrising.org/46664.html