1. SKULL / CRANIUM MANDIBLE CLAVICLE SCAPULA HUMERUS RIB CAGE STERNUM
SKELETON
SKULL / CRANIUM
MANDIBLE
CLAVICLE
SCAPULA
HUMERUS
RIB CAGE
STERNUM
ULNA
RADIUS
SPINE
ILIUM
CARPALS
METACARPALS
PHALANGES
FEMUR
PATELLA
FIBULA
TIBIA
TARSALS
METATARSALS
PHALANGES

2. BONE TYPES AND FUNCTIONS
BRAIN
ALL THE YELLOW BONES ARE CALLED ‘FLAT BONES
ALL THE BLUE BONES ARE CALLED ‘IRREGULAR BONES’
THIS IS BECAUSE THEY ARE A STRANGE SHAPE
THESE BONES HELP TO PROTECT OUR VITAL ORGANS. SUCH AS;
HEART AND LUNGS
ALL THE RED BONES ARE CALLED ‘SHORT BONES’
THEY ALLOW US TO DO FINE MOVEMENTS
INTESTINES
ALL THE GREEN BONES ARE CALLED ‘LONG BONES’
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION OCCURS HERE
THE MAIN FUNCTIONS
PROTECTION
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
SHAPE AND SUPPORT
BONE TYPES AND FUNCTIONS
MOVEMENT

3. CARTILAGE covers the head of bones forming a joint
CARTILAGE covers the head of bones forming a joint. It reduces friction and protects the bone by acting as a buffer
A SYNOVIAL JOINT IS A FREELY MOVABLE JOINT SUCH AS THE KNEE, SHOULDER, HIP AND ELBOW
SYNOVIAL FLUID
This is found within the joint and it acts like oil by lubricating the ends of the bone. It prevents friction
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
This secretes the Synovial fluid
LIGAMENTS are tough bands of fibrous tissue. They hold bones together at the joint. They limit movement and prevent dislocation

4. TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS
BODY PART
MOVEMENT
ALL DIRECTIONS/ROTATION, FLEXION, EXTENSION ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION
BALL AND SOCKET
HIP OR SHOULDER
HINGE
KNEE OR ELBOW
FLEXION / EXTENSION
PIVOT
SPINE/NECK JOINT
ROTATION
FLEXION, EXTENSION, ADDUCTION, ABDUCTION, ROTATION
CONDYLOID
WRIST
GLIDING
TARSALS / CARPALS
A LITTLE IN ALL DIRECTIONS
LEFT/RIGHT FORWARDS/BACKWARDS
SADDLE
THUMB

5. Types of movement FLEXION EXTENSION ADDUCTION ABDUCTION
WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN A JOINT DECREASES. E.G. BENDING KNEE / ELBOW.
EXTENSION
WHEN THE ANGLE AT A JOINT INCREASES, E.G. STRAIGHTENING THE ARM OR LEG.
ADDUCTION
MOVING TOWARDS AN IMAGINARY CENTRE LINE OF THE BODY. E.G. RAISING ARM SIDEWAYS
ABDUCTION
MOVING AWAY FROM THE CENTRE LINE. E.G. BRINGING ARM BACK DOWN.
Types of movement

6. THE SPINAL COLUMN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE THORACIC VERTEBRAE
7 OF THESE MAKE UP THE NECK
THE SPINAL COLUMN
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
12 OF THESE AND THE RIBS ATTACH TO THEM
PURPOSES OF THE SPINE
MOVEMENT
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
THERE ARE 5 OF THESE
SHAPE
SUPPORT
PROTECT SPINAL CORD
SACCRUM
THIS IS TRIANGULAR SHAPED
COCCYX DOES NOTHING NOW BUT USED TO BE THE TAIL

7. MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY
MUSCLES OF THE BODY
DELTOIDS
PECTORALS
TRAPEZIUS
BICEPS
TRICEPS
ABDOMINALS
GASTROCNEMIUS
(BACK OF LEG)
GLUTEALS
QUADRICEPS
LATISSIMUS
DORSI
HAMSTRINGS

8. Muscle types and actions
TYPES OF MUSCLES
Muscle types and actions
THERE ARE THREE TYPES
VOLUNTARY
INVOLUNTARY
CARDIAC
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
ARE ONES THAT WE CAN CONTROL SUCH AS BICEPS AND TRICEPS WHEN DOING A PRESS UP OR QUADS AND HAMSTRINGS DURING A SQUAT. THEY ARE ATTACHED TO BONES AND ARE ALSO CALLED STRIPED OR SKELETAL
CARDIAC MUSCLE
THESE FORM THE WALLS OF THE HEART AND WORK AUTOMATICALLY THROUGHOUT LIFE. THEY HAVE THEIR OWN BLOOD SUPPLY
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
ARE THE ONES WE HAVE NO CONTROL OVER. THESE INCLUDE THE MUSCLES IN OUR ARTERIES THAT HELP PUSH THE BLOOD AND MUSCLES IN THE STOMACH, INTESTINE AND GUT WHICH PUSH THE FOOD ALONG. THEY ARE ALSO CALLED SMOOTH MUSCLES

9. MUSCLE INFORMATION FAST TWITCH FIBRES SLOW TWITCH FIBRES SYNERGISTS
THEY CONTRACT VERY QUICKLY AND ARE VERY POWERFUL. BUT THEY TIRE VERY QUICKLY. SPORTS THAT NEED A SHORT SHARP POWERFUL BURST OF ENERGY NEED LOTS OF FAST TWITCH FIBRES. E.G.
FAST TWITCH FIBRES
100 METRES, SHOT.
SLOW TWITCH FIBRES
THEY CONTRACT MUCH SLOWER AND WITH LESS POWER, BUT THEY CAN GO ON FOR ALONG TIME. SPORTS PEOPLE THAT NEED ENDURANCE REQUIRE SLOW TWITCH FIBRES IN ABUNDANCE E.G.
LONG DISTANCE OR MARATHON RUNNERS
MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO TWO DIFFERENT BONES BY TENDONS. ONLY ONE OF THESE BONES WILL MOVE WHEN THE MUSCLE CONTRACTS
AGONISTS OR PRIME MOVERS
THESE ARE THE MUSCLES THAT CONTRACT (SHORTEN) WHEN A JOINT MOVES.
ANTAGONIST
THESE ARE THE MUSCLES THAT RELAX (LENGTHEN) WHEN A LIMB MOVES.
THESE MUSCLES HOLD THE STATIONARY BONE STILL, E.G. THE MUSCLES THAT HOLD THE SHOULDER WHEN YOU BEND YOUR ELBOW
SYNERGISTS

10. MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS AND AFFECTS OF USING MUSCLES
ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS
THIS IS WHEN THE MUSCLE STAYS AT THE SAME LENGTH DURING THE EXERCISE. E.G. PUSHING AGAINST AN IMMOVABLE OBJECT
THIS IS WHEN THE MUSCLE CHANGES LENGTH DURING THE EXERCISE. E.G. A BICEP CURL.
AFFECTS OF USING MUSCLES
MUSCLE FATIGUE
MUSCLE ATROPHY
CRAMP
THIS IS WHEN YOU USE YOUR MUSCLES TOO MUCH AND THEY DO NOT GET ENOUGH OXYGEN. THEY BECOME TIRED AND FATIGUED
THIS IS WHEN YOU DON’T USE YOUR MUSCLES ENOUGH. THEY GET SMALLER
A SUDDEN CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE THAT WON’T RELAX

11. Skeleton and muscle exam tips
TENDONS LINK MUSCLES TO BONE
LIGAMENTS LINK BONE TO BONE
REMEMBER YOUR ACHILLES TENDON
Skeleton and muscle exam tips
SKELETON AND MUSCLE EXAM TIPS
WHEN DESCRIBING WHERE A MUSCLE OR A BONE IS, ALWAYS;
STATE WHERE ON THE BODY THEY ARE USING TERMS SUCH AS FRONT, SIDE, BACK, TOP. ALSO SAY WHAT THEY LIE BETWEEN.
FOR EXAMPLE;
‘THE BICEP IS ON THE FRONT OF THE UPPER ARM BETWEEN THE SHOULDER AND THE ELBOW.’ ‘
OR; ‘THE FEMUR IS IN THE UPPER LEG BETWEEN THE HIP AND THE KNEE.’

12. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ORIGIN
TENDONS
INSERTION
LIGAMENTS
CARTILAGE

13. POSTURE THIS IS THE WAY THAT WE HOLD OUR BODY
GOOD POSTURE MEANS A STRAIGHT SPINE AND A HEALTHIER BODY.
IT CAN BE HELPED BY SITTING AND WALKING WITH A STRAIGHT SPINE, BY EXERCISING, LIFTING THINGS PROPERLY AND WEARING THE CORRECT CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR