1. Work Stoppages in Social Economy Organizations: A First Look Kunle Akingbola & Jack Quarter University of Toronto

2. Introduction This study examines the scale, duration and dimension of labour disputes in social economy organizations in Ontario. The data is used to glean insight on the state of labour relations and, to some extent, HRM in the sector.

3. Introduction We suggest that the analysis of work stoppages in social economy organizations must examine the implications for stakeholders to highlight its contextual dimension.

4. Introduction We propose that due to the underlying social values of these organizations (Quarter, 1992; Quarter et al., 2003) and the type of workers they tend to attract (Brown & Yoshioka, 2003; McMullen & Schellenberg, 2003) the nature and interpretations of these stoppages could be could an indication of social movement unionism.

5. (Quarter, 2006) Defining Social Economy Organizations The term social economy was originally coined in France and was widely used in francophone areas such as Belgium and Quebec. Social economy is a bridging concept

6. (Quarter, 2006) Defining Social Economy Organizations Organizations in the social economy have social objectives central to their mission and their practice. These organizations also have, either explicit economic objectives or generate some economic value through the services they provide and purchases that they undertake.

7. (Quarter, 2006) Defining Social Economy Organizations Social economy organizations include nonprofits and cooperatives. In addition to sharing similar characteristics as outlined above, their economic impact, especially for nonprofits is often not recognized.

8. Economic and Social Contributions Social economy organizations are an important element in the foundation of many countries. People rely on these organizations for: economic development employment, social justice advocacy, and mutual support.

9. Economic and Social Contributions The 9,000+ cooperatives in Canada employ over 160,000 people Non-financial cooperatives generated $26.2 billion in revenue in 2003

10. Economic and Social Contributions Some of the insurance cooperatives are among the largest employer in their business (Co-operative Secretariat. 2006) Similarly, the 161,000 nonprofit and voluntary organizations operating in Canada generated $112 billion in revenue in 2003 (Imagine Canada, (2004).

11. Theoretical Framework Neoclassical economic literature examines the effect of strike in terms of productivity, profitability, capital investment, and employment growth (Budd, 1994; Hanrahan et al., 1997; Hirsch, 1997).

12. Theoretical Framework Structural and institutional perspective posits that some industries and occupations are more prone to strike due to inherent social characteristics of the work that enables collective consciousness and community integration (Kerr and Siegel, 1954).

13. Theoretical Framework Political and organizational explanation for strike has focused on the importance of the role of political left, bargaining structure, inadequate authority among negotiators and internal union politics (Darlington, 2004; Godard, 1992). Agitator theory contends that strike is the result of the action and influence of few individuals (Darlington, 2004;Hyman, 1989).

14. Pertinent Question For this research, the pertinent question is whether any of the theoretical explanations for strikes sufficiently explains work stoppages in social economy organizations. The first part of research explore the scale, duration and dimension of labour disputes in social economy organizations in Ontario.

15. The Study Quantitative and qualitative Data on work stoppages that occurred between 1994 and 2005 from the Ontario Ministry of Labour. Media databases for reports on work stoppages in the sector over the period.

16. Quantitative Results: Stoppages by Year

17. Stoppages by Sector

18. Stoppages by Union

19. * number excludes work stoppages involving more than one organization. Quantitative Findings Social economy organizations in Ontario lost 1,052,750.00* persons days to 205 work stoppages resulting from labour disputes. As expected, size (measured by number of employees) was a factor in social economy organizations’ labour disputes over the period related r square =.72, adjusted r square =.68, p =.00 Organizations with 150 or more employees had more labour disputes.

20. * number excludes work stoppages involving more than one organization. Quantitative Findings Relationship between economic region and strike, moderately related r square =.018, adjusted r square =.013, p =.057 Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, and Niagara had the highest number of labour disputes. Relationship between strike and whether the organization is considered to be ‘private, municipal, provincial or various’ by the Ministry of Labour Social Economy Organizations classified as private have more labour disputes

21. Quantitative Findings The health sector experienced more labour disputes than other sectors

22. Qualitative Findings

23. Conclusions Work stoppages is more common in some social economy organization than the other Similarly, the location and economic region of the social economy organizations is related to the level of work stoppage they experience Structural and institutional explanation of strike is consistent with the basis of work stoppages in social economy organizations There is no support for agitator theory and other political and organizational explanations for work stoppages

24. Conclusions Neoclassical economic explanation of work stoppages could be applied to social economy organization However, it must be used in conjunction with political and organizational explanation to explain the full picture of work stoppages in social economy organizations.

25. QUESTIONS THANK YOU