1. Crocodilians Part I VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (VZ Lecture20 – Spring 2012 Althoff - reference PJH Chapter 16) Rajasaurus narmadensis - extinct ?

2. The Age of Reptiles = Mesozoic era ~ 251 MYA to 65 MYA Much radiation and diversification, resulting in diapsids occupying most of the “liveable” zones know today A large segment of that vertebrate fauna was represented by the large-bodied herbivorous and carnivorous tetrapod group known as the dinosaurs…of course, we have no extant representatives of that group The amount of diversity during that Mesozoic era is illustrated in the phylogenetic relationships diagram in Fig. 16-1, p389 in PJH Early Days for Diapsida

3. _____________ came and went, for the most part (“thecodont” refers to teeth set in sockets in general and to a set of now extinct reptiles) _____________ emerged….and stayed on Pterosauria, ornithischia, and saurischia came and went….with the saurischia currently suspected of being the most recent ancestral group to _________________ ________________ (marine reptiles) came and went…they had recent “divergence” from line that represents modern day lepidosaurs (i.e., tuatara, lizards, and snakes) ________________ emerged…and stayed on Summary of Fig. 16-1 for Mezosoic Era

4. Fig. 16-1, p389 PJH DIAPSIDA phylogenetic relationships

5. Fig. 16-2, p391 PJH DIAPSIDA ARCHOSAURSLEPIDOSAURS ArchosauromorphsLepidosauromorphs Ruling reptile forms Scaled reptile forms

6. From the “dinosaur” –Age of Reptile group—only the _____________ and ___________ remain (1) Thus, extant crocodiles and birds are modern day ________________ (2) Birds appear to have emerged earlier (3) than squamates yet we often consider them more advanced. Clearly, within the living archosaurs, birds are more advanced…but several groups diverged and vanished after the two lineages representing birds and crocodiles split (4) Summary of Fig. 16-2 Cladogram

7. Fig. 16-2, p391 PJH DIAPSIDA ARCHOSAURSLEPIDOSAURS CROCODILES BIRDS ArchosauromorphsLepidosauromorphs Ruling reptile forms Scaled reptile forms

8. Generally, diapsid is a reference to the skull Translation: 2 arches Refers, again, to the presence of an upper and a lower fenestra in the temporal region of the skull (see next slide) Early forms had both these arches, but over time (i.e., radiation of species) many “diapsids” have lost the lower arch and the upper arch, in some forms, has been reduced or lost….with lizards and snakes providing examples of the most extreme reductions or losses in these arches (see Lecture 18 notes, also Fig. 13-6, pg 343 PJH) Diapsids

9. _____ temporal arch formed by postorbital bone (pb) and squamosal (sq) _____ temporal arch formed by jugal (j) and quadratojugal bone (qj) Also, derived diapsids have a fenestra anterior to the eye (orbit) – AF—known as _______________ sq pb Fig. 16-3, p392 PJH qj j Now extinct Ornithosuchus

10. Rajasaurus narmadensis - extinct

11. Earliest known diapsid is Petrolacosaurus …from Kansas….>_______ (during Paleozoic era) a) 60-70 cm in total length b) long neck, large eyes, long limbs c) probably fed on large insects “Split” thereafter resulted into 2 groups: Archosauromorpha (“ruling reptile form”) (includes Archosaurs) Lepidosauromorpha (“scaled reptile form”) (includes Lepidosaurs) (see cladogram again) Diapsids

12. Archosaurs Includes dinosaurs and perosaurs which were very distinctive: a) presence of antorbital fenestra (opening in skull in front of eye) b) orbit of the eye shaped like inverted ________ rather than being circular Teeth are laterally compressed Trend towards ______________ Femur shaft  _________________

13. head fourth trochanter Femur bone “mod” site of attachment for powerful caudiofermoral muscle that originated on the base of the tail and inserted on trochanter. When contracted, it retracted the thigh

14. Archosaurs gave rise to 2 aquatic fish eaters… ______________—radiated before crocodilians but extinct a) nostrils just anterior to eyes b) no secondary palate ______________ a) nostrils are at the tip of the snout b) secondary palate separates nasal passages from the mouth c) first appeared in Triassic…and seemed to have replaced the phytosaurs by the end of the Triassic

15. Crocodilians: adaptation to semi-aqautic existence Flap of tissue arising from _____ of tongue can form a watertight seal between the mouth and throat  enables crocodilian to breathe while only its nostrils are exposed without inhaling H 2 0 Advantage: aids _______________…and probably impacts thermoregulation

16. Extant Crocodilians: 3 families (see Fig. 16-4, p393 PJH for general forms) ____________: alligators (2 species) & caimans freshwater forms (mostly New World only) ____________: mostly associated with saltwater conditions but some species live in freshwater streams a) saltwater crocodile probably largest of all (up to 7 meters) b) but some < 1 m as adults ____________: only 1 species….the gharial… confined to Burma/India region. They have the narrowest snouts

17. Isisfordia Fully formed __________________ CROCODILIAN FORMS Modern forms