1. Quit 1.1 Evolution of Computing 1950 1960s mid- 1970s 2001 First Computers PCs introduced! Very expensive computers for large companies. Computer professionals ran the show. Powerful PCs on every desktop. Explosion of applications.

2. Quit 1.2 PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING  Calculating devices: pebbles, cowrie shells, bamboo sticks 'chou' calculation tables (Medieval Europe) Abacus and its counterparts in China and Japan

3. Quit 1.3 PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING  Computing machines were designed based on the technology of gears: Blaise Pascal, 17th century, permanent algorithm G.W. Leibniz, 17th cent., a choice of built-in algorithms Charles Babbage, 19th century: programmable "Analytical Engine"

4. Quit 1.4 PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING  Jacquard's loom 1801: weaving loom was controlled by paper cards with holes in them.

5. Quit 1.5 PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING  Hollerith: punched card machines for US census 1890, electromechanical, start of calculation machines and IBM addition and counting 1928 subtraction 1931 multiplication

6. Quit 1.6 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1940s  ENIAC: first modern computer, vacuum tubes  hexadecimal and binary systems  cryptography during World War II  Von Neumann architecture: both commands and numerical data were expressed and processed in the same form and in the same devices, step by step General purpose computer  technologies: electro-mechanical relays, punched tape magnetic drum (max capacity 500 characters or 50 numbers)

7. Quit 1.7  magnetic tape storage  ferromagnetic cores in central memory  stand-alone computers  1956 first computer made of transistors magnetic disks HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1950s

8. Quit 1.8  1960 SSI: small scale integrated circuit (100 transistors)  1966 MSI: medium scale integrated circuit (1,000 transistors)  1969 LSI: large scale integration (up to 10,000 components)  VLSI and so on HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1960s

9. Quit Increase in performance  Speed  Accuracy  Consistency  Reliability  Communications  Memory

10. Quit 1.10  1950s  Machine and Assembler language programming  1960s  Multitasking operating systems, time- sharing, batch-processing  Mainframe computers: terminals, on-line use  Statistics, calculations, accounting  Cobol, Fortran, Algol programming languages HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING: software

11. Quit 1.11  minicomputers, distributed systems, networks  Basic, APL, Pascal and other specialized programming languages  databases  division of labor: operators, systems analysts, data analysts, data entry clerks, programmers, output handlers HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1970s

12. Quit 1.12Supercomputers  Processor-bound applications  100 times faster than typical server  Used for Scientific simulations and forecasting Medicine Advanced graphics Supercomputers

13. Quit 1.13  microcomputers IBM PC 1981  mainframes and minicomputers, workstations  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4780963.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4780963.stm HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1980s

14. Quit 1.14  Office automation: text processing and spreadsheets  Graphical user interfaces  Robotics  C programming, client /server databases, SQL and relational model  Graphics, CAD, CAE, color printing  Integration of use, end-users, from programming to applications HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1980s

15. Quit 1.15 Client/Server Computing  Server PC to Supercomputer Data storage and applications software  Client PC, workstation or thin client Requests processing or support from server  Applications Software Front-end (client) Back-end (server)  Enterprise-wide Systems  Proxy server computer  Cloud computing Server Computers

16. Quit 1.16  LANs (local area networks), electronic mail  WANs (wide area networks), global integration of systems  high-power workstations, GUIs (Graphical user interface) standard  object-oriented model, C++ and Java  integration of applications  multimedia HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1990s

17. Quit 1.17 Information deluge  US National Security Agency intercepts and stores 1.7 billion e-mails, messages and phone calls a day  decoding the human genome involves analysing 3 billion base pairs, which took ten years the first time it was done, in 2003, but can now be achieved in one week  WalMart, a retail giant, handles more than 1m customer transactions every hour, feeding databases estimated at more than 2.5 petabytes  Facebook is home to 40 billion photos.  "It is not surprising that people feel overwhelmed. There is an immense risk of cognitive overload" 1.17

18. Quit 1.18 Data volumes  4,6 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide (the world has 6,8 billion people)  1 billion to 2 billion people use the internet.  By 2013 the amount of traffic flowing over the internet annually will reach 667 exabytes, according to Cisco, a maker of communications gear.  According to a 2008 study by International Data Corp (IDC), a market research firm, around 1 200 exabytes of digital data will be generated this year.  Google handles around half the world’s internet searches, answering around 35 000 queries every second; data mining: Google translation spread of flu epidemics. Source: The Economist 2010

19. Units of data Unit Size What it means Bit b 1 or 0 short for “binary digit” Byte B 8 bits the basic unit of computing Kilobyte KB 1000 or 2 10 bytes from “thousand” in Greek Megabyte MB 1000 KB; 2 20 bytes from “large” in Greek a typical pop song is about 4MB Gigabyte GB 2 30 bytes from “giant” in Greek. Terabyte TB 2 40 bytes from “monster” in Greek. all the catalogued books in America’s Library of Congress total 15TB Petabyte PB 2 50 bytes Google processes around 1PB every hour Exabyte (EB)2 60 bytes Zettabyte (ZB)2 70 bytes the total amount of information in existence this year is forecast to be around 1.2ZB Yottabyte (YB) 2 80 bytes

20. Quit 1.20  Embedded systems  Robotics: industry & entertainment  GPRS and mobile use  Telemedicine  Intelligent buildings  RFID (radio frequency identification chips)  Global sharing  GPS and navigation  Storage capacity  Music, entertainment  Life on net  Intuitive user interfaces, touch control, voice FUTURE OF DATA PROCESSING ?