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Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
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Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. –straight chain –branched chain –ring
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Carbon-Based Molecules Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. –Monomers are the individual subunits. –Polymers are made of many monomers.
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Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. –Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. –Monosaccharides are simple sugars. –Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
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Carbon-Based Molecules Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer
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Carbon-Based Molecules Some Basic Functions Energy source for all animals and plants Energy storage for plants and animals Humans use Cellulose to work as a natural pipe snake SOURCES Starchy Foods Sugary Foods Veggies
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Carbon-Based Molecules Lipids have several different functions. –broken down as a source of energy –make up cell membranes – used to make hormones
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Carbon-Based Molecules LIPIDS (4 types) TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS WAXES HORMONES
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Carbon-Based Molecules Triglycerides – Fats and Oils The Main functions of Triglycerides are: – Energy Storage 1g of fat contains nearly 2x as much energy as 1g of a polysaccharide. – Insulation (mainly sea critters) Blubber
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Carbon-Based Molecules –Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. –Fats and oils (triglycerides) contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Triglyceride
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Carbon-Based Molecules Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. –saturated fatty acids –unsaturated fatty acids ALL IN THE BONDS
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Carbon-Based Molecules Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. –Polar phosphate “head” –Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid
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Carbon-Based Molecules WAXES STRUCTURE: – 1 FA tail attached to an Alcohol Extremely hydrophobic(water bad mmkay) – Means it is a natural protective coat found on apples and pears, but it really shines as a dehydration preventive coating for many animals like insects.
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Carbon-Based Molecules Names of hormones (steroids) tend to end in either –in(e), ron(e), -ogen (usually used for precursors) Are created from cholesterol. – A lipid that has a 4 ring structure. – Cholesterol is found in the cell membrane acting as somewhat of a structure reinforcer. Steroids include the sexual hormones and many non-sex linked hormones. HORMONES
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Carbon-Based Molecules Fun with STEROIDS ANABOLIC STEROIDS - These are synthetic types of steroids made from male testosterone. - BENEFITS: Helps to treat anemia (muscle attacking disease) Quickly builds muscle - COSTS: Roid Rage due to chemicals in brain being thrown off (HULK ANGRY!!! HULK SMASH!!!!!!) Liver damage Decreased libido or sterility (Look masculine, but have all the drive and potentency of a Ken Doll) Bloated face
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Carbon-Based Molecules Steroids anyone? Tammy Thomas -US Cycling Gold Medalist Tammy in 2007 Tammy in 2001
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Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. –Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
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Carbon-Based Molecules –Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. –Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
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Carbon-Based Molecules –Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. –Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. –Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
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Carbon-Based Molecules Some Protein Function Builds parts of you body like muscles. Also work as Enzymes (we will learn more when we talk about Proteins in more depth)
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Carbon-Based Molecules Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
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Carbon-Based Molecules –Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar) Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
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Carbon-Based Molecules –DNA stores genetic information. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. –Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. –RNA builds proteins. DNA RNA
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