1. Biology Journal 10/9/2014 What have you heard about stem cells? What could these cells do?

2. Biology Journal 11/4/2013 What is the endosymbiotic theory? Why is it called that? What are some pieces of evidence that support the theory?

3. Biology Journal 11/18/2013 What is a stem cell? Describe how stem cells can be used to treat a disease such as diabetes. Stem cells can be removed from a patient, grown, and re-introduced into the patient, to have healthy, functioning cells, and correcting a disease. A stem cell is a cell with the ability to differentiate into any kind of cell. As an adult, your stem cells can differentiate into some cells. Only embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell.

4. Biology Journal What makes something a living thing? In other words, all living things must ______. Write down what you think would be 3 characteristics of living things. Vampires. Alive or not?

5. Biology Journal Talk to students around you and write down 3 more characteristics that you didn’t have. Zombies. Alive or not?

6. Biology Journal 10/5/2014 You have probably used microscopes before. Suppose that you are given a microscope and a slide. Briefly summarize the steps you take to attempt to get the slide into focus on your microscope. Turn on light, adjust diaphragm Go to low power, use coarse focus first Put slide under stage clips or in clamps (don’t snap the stage clips on the slide!) Once you’ve got it in focus, you can move to higher power, and use fine focus

7. 1.1 Introduction to cells: The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell specialization and cell replacement. Nature of science: Looking for trends and discrepancies—although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions. Ethical implications of research—research involving stem cells is growing in importance and raises ethical issues. Understandings: According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. Viruses are not classified as living organisms. Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. Applications and skills: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism (Chlorella or Scenedesmus). Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. PRACTICAL Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. International-mindedness: Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell Biology (15 hours)

8. 1.1 Introduction to Cells

9. Where does the term “cells” come from?

10. In 1665, Robert Hooke coined the term “cells” when he looked at cork under a microscope. Robert Hooke and his epic weave Robert Hooke’s drawing of the cells that he found in cork.

11. Functions of life Function Brief Definition All living things… Nutrition … take in nutrients and break them down for energy Reproduction … Make more of themselves and pass on DNA Movement … have some form of physically interacting with the environment to move themselves or it Excretion … give off wastes Growth … increase in size and develop over time Response to stimulus … take actions in response to stimuli in the environment Homeostasis … maintain a relatively constant internal environment

12. Cell theory An early microscope 1.Cells are the smallest units of life. Multicellular organisms have specialized cells to carry out specific functions. The plant cells that make up wood.

13. 2. All living things are made out of cells Organelles carry out various metabolic functions of cells. Cell components alone cannot survive. Cell theory

14. 3. Cells come only from other cells. Cells multiply by division.  Binary fission in prokaryotes.  Mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes. All cells descended from simpler, common ancestors. Cell theory

15. Nature of science: Looking for trends and discrepancies—although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions. Our striated muscle cells have an average length of 30 mm and can have as many as several hundred nuclei…in a SINGLE cell! (most human cells are 0.03 mm in length) Fungi consist of narrow thread-like structures called hyphae. In some types of fungi, these hyphae have small cell-like sections, but not these…they are aseptate, a long, uninterrupted tube with many nuclei. Most algae are single-celled and microscopic. Not this one. This one grows up to 100 mm and is a single cell with one nucleus!

16. The functions that define life are nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. Nucleus can divide to produce two when the cell is ready to divide. Food vacuoles contain food that has been absorbed and will be digested Cell membrane controls what substances enter and leave, such as O 2 in and waste out. Contractile vacuole that fills up with water and expels it to keep the amount of water balanced. Metabolic reactions take place in the cytoplasm, including respiration. Enzymes are the catalysts behind these reactions. Beating of the cilia moves Paramecium through the water so it can choose what direction to move in. A paramecium is an example of a single-celled organism that can carry out all of these.

17. Nucleus can divide to produce two when the cell is ready to divide. These nuclei can also fuse with another for a form of sexual reproduction. Photosynthesis occurs inside the chloroplasts. In the dark other compounds are sometimes absorbed. Cell wall is freely permeable and controls what substances enter and leave. O 2 is a waste product of photosynthesis and diffuses out. Contractile vacuole near the flagella fills up with water and expels it to keep the amount of water balanced. Metabolic reactions take place in the cytoplasm, including respiration. Enzymes are the catalysts behind these reactions. Beating of the two flagella move the Chlamydomonas through the water. A light- sensitive eyespot allows the cell to sense where the brightest light is and to move towards it. The functions that define life are nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. An algae cell is an example of a single-celled organism that can carry out all of these.

18. In one experiment, agar cubes of different sizes are put into a solution of dye for the same amount of time. If the cubes were cells, which of the cubes “live” and “die”? Why?

19. Viruses are not classified as living organisms. Why do you think so?

20. Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. Volume = l × w × h Surface area = l × w × 6 Surface area to volume ratio = surface area ÷ volume Formulas

21. Stem cells and differentiation Multicellular organisms have specialized cells (they have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components). Differentiation is the process where cells become different, or specialized. In differentiation, some genes are expressed, and not others (every cell has the entire genome, and thus proteome). Stem cells divide and differentiate during embryonic development, and to some extent, as an adult (so, stem cells can be used therapeutically to make replacement cells).

23. Youtube videos What are stem cells? – Craig A. Kohn A TED-Ed video, with great animations and narration explaining how stem cells work. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evH0I7Coc54 The Island The surgery scene from The Island, featuring Michael Clarke Duncan The Island (2/9) Movie CLIP - I Wanna Live (2005) HD https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ihd- NwI030c&ytsession=SAKqLz0LDfd2vY_y0UU_w6yX_WlwnhAwjuNm5qlz3YqyzMyTtpvpqCj8ig6hALdqnhh5t-6sMtCbkFE3TrUP7nYSKSnV- 0UZtJXTPrLZFStEIvsEwPSGgLbTjhs4KsV8jWhIOrDX8fIpudeLDX6Olv5LsjX2sKrSBIVl5Xu_MFDh2VvTRDanqAvPcTeo6hjhEb3xu1tVYNtGMj9fRIQzw ePT6kp6R3GTs0FTENQRW6iq8j8s3QliJuUXWKLk4kUxgr5GaZP19D0Dmd6R9iSd9RiNdRuYDeHg-2bopCBwZhqVYJ6xKk3Na- PfmbLZsk6REyYOEe5hTdQ Making a trachea out of stem cells, shorter (1.5 min) News clip of how stem cells were grown to make a trachea and then implanted into the patient. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XL72Dn3rJ_E Making a trachea out of stem cells, longer (4 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-qRRZfz4cM

24. Example of stem cell therapy: Stargardt’s disease is a mutation where the retina cells (the ones that detect light at the back of the eye) gradually degenerate, happening at 6 to 12 years old, and leading to blindness. Stem cells are differentiated into retina cells, and injected into the eyes. These cells move to the retina, attach themselves and function normally, improving vision!

25. Another Example of stem cell therapy: To treat lymphoma (a blood cell cancer)… 1. Healthy blood stem cells are removed form the bone marrow and stored 2. The bone marrow containing cancer is destroyed 3. The healthy bone marrow cells are replaced, and production of blood cells resumes like normal.

26. Magnification Actual size = Measured length Magnification

27. You might need to convert units, so remember…

28. What is the actual length of this bacteria cell? Convert to appropriate units.

29. Measure it. Actual size = Measured length Magnification It’s 80mm. Plug it in to the formula. X = 80 mm 90 000 X= 0.00089 mm Convert to appropriate units 0.00089 mm 1000 µm 1 mm x = 0.89 µm Solve for x

30. A sperm cell has a tail that is 50µm long. A student draws it as 75mm. What is the magnification? You don’t have to draw it, but you can if that helps! Actual size = Measured length Magnification 50 µm = 75 mm x X= 1500 Solve for x Convert to the same units before you divide! 1500 x magnified 75 mm 1000 µm 1 mm x = 75000 µm 50 µm = 75000 µm x

31. A cell is 32 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide. What is the magnification? You don’t have to draw it, but you can if that helps! Actual size = Measured length Magnification 32 µm = 250 mm x X= 7800 Solve for x Convert to the same units before you divide! 7800 times magnified 250 mm 1000 µm 1 mm x = 250000 µm 32 µm = 250000 µm x

36. Example of stem cell therapy: Stem cells can self-replicate (remember, differentiated cells can’t). These cells can be attached to a mold of an organ and construct brand new organs! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-qRRZfz4cM Making a trachea out of stem cells, longer (4 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XL72Dn3rJ_E Making a trachea out of stem cells, shorter (1.5 min)