1. Farmer Jones = Czar Nicholas II
The irresponsible owner of the farm
Lets his animals starve and beats them with a whip
Sometimes shows random kindness
Czar Nicholas II
Weak Russian leader during the early 1900s
Often cruel and brutal to his subjects
Displays isolated kindess

2. Characters Old Major Karl Marx
An old boar whose speech about the evils perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into rebelling.
His philosophy concerning the tyranny of Man is named Animalism.
He teaches the animals the song “Beasts of England”
Dies before revolution
Karl Marx
The inventor of communism
Wants to unite the working class to overthrow the government.
Dies before the Russian Revolution

3. Animalism = Communism Animalism Communism Taught by Old Major
No rich, but no poor
Better life for workers
All animals are equal
Everyone owns the farm
Communism
Invented by Karl Marx
All people are equal
Government owns everything
People own the government

4. Snowball = Leon Trotsky
Boar who becomes one of the rebellion’s most valuable leaders.
After drawing complicated plans for the construction of a windmill, he is chased off of the farm forever by Napoleon’s dogs and thereafter used as a scapegoat for the animals’ troubles.
Leon Trotsky
A pure communist leader who was influenced by the teachings of Karl Marx.
He wanted to improve life for people in Russia, but was driven away by Lenin’s KGB.

5. Napoleon = Joseph Stalin
Boar who leads the rebellion against Farmer Jones
After the rebellion’s success, he systematically begins to control all aspects of the farm until he is an undisputed tyrant.
Joseph Stalin
The communist dictator of the Soviet Union from who killed all who opposed him.
He loved power and used the KGB (secret police) to enforce his ruthless, corrupt antics.

6. Squealer vs. Propaganda Dept. of Stalin’s Government
Big mouth, talks a lot
Convinces animals to believe and follow Napoleon
Changes and manipulates the commandments
Propaganda Department
Worked for Stalin to support his image
Used any lie to convince the people to follow Stalin
Benefited from the fact that education was controlled

7. The Dogs vs. KGB (Secret Police)
A private army that used fear to force animals to work
Killed or intimidated any opponent of Napoleon
Another part of Napoleon’s strategy to control animals
KGB (Secret Police)
Not really police but forced support for Stalin
Used force, often killed entire families for disobedience
Totally loyal, part of Stalin’s power, even over army

8. Moses the Raven vs. Religion
Tells animals about SugarCandy mountain
Animals can go there if they work hard
Snowball and Major were against him
They thought Heaven was a lie to make animals work
Napoleon let him stay b/c he taught animals to work and not complain
Religion
Marx said, “Opiate of the people” – A LIE!
Used to make people not complain and do their work
Religion was tolerated b/c people would work
Stalin knew religion would stop violent revolutions

9. Mollie the Mare vs. Vain, selfish people in Russia and world
Was vain – loved her beauty and self
Didn’t think about the Animal Farm
Went with anyone who gave her what she wanted
Vain, selfish Russian people
Some people didn’t care about revolution
Only thought about themselves
Went to other countries that offered more for them

10. Boxer vs. Dedicated, but Tricked, Communist Supporters
Strong, hard-working horse – believes in Animal Farm
“Napoleon is always right”, “I must work harder”
Gives his all, is betrayed by Napoleon
Dedicated, but Tricked Supporters
People believed Stalin b/c he was “Communist”
Many stayed loyal after it was obvious Stalin was a tyrant
Betrayed by Stalin who ignored and killed them

11. Benjamin vs. Skeptical people in and outside of Russia
Old, wise donkey who is suspicious of revolution
Thinks “nothing ever changes” – is RIGHT!
His suspicions are true about Boxer and sign changes
Skeptical people
Weren’t sure revolution would change anything
Realized that a crazy leader can call himself “communist”
Knew that Communism wouldn’t work with hungry leaders

12. Animal Farm Revolution = Russian Revolution
Was supposed to make life better for all, but . . .
Life was worse at the end.
The leaders became the same as, or worse than the other farmers (humans) they rebelled against.
Russian Revolution
Was supposed to fix the problems created by the Czar, but . . .
Life was even worse after the revolution.
Stalin made the Czar look like a nice guy.

13. More Characters
Pilkington Jones' neighbor, he finds a way to profit from Animal Farm by forming an alliance with the pigs.
Muriel A goat who believes in the rebellion, she watches as Animal Farm slips away from its founding principles.
The Sheep Not tremendously clever, the sheep remind themselves of the principles of animalism by chanting "four legs good, two legs bad."

14. Characters and Their Historical Correlation
Muriel: Goat, helps convey the rules/7 commandments
Mr. Jones: Manor Farm, Tsar Nicholas II
Mr. Frederick: Pinchfield Farm, Hitler/Nazi Germany
Mr. Pilkington: Foxwood Farm, Capitalist England/U.S.A.
Mr. Whymper: Human Solicitor, ties humans and animals together
Jessie and Bluebell/Pups: Dogs, Stalin’s brute force-rep. of Hitler’s brainwashed society
Minimus: Poet Pig, Manipulator of History (Songs)

15. Chapter 1 (Summary) Drunken Mr. Jones to bed/animals meet in the barn
Major Wishes to pass his wisdom
Talks about miserable lives and manipulation/born as slaves
Could live in luxury given the resources
Use the products of their labors
Dream from the Previous Night
Live free and happy
Animals vs. humans (2 legged walking ‘creatures’)
Once they take the humans they can’t acquire their traits
Ex: live in a house, sleep in beds, drink, smoke, $, clothes, trade (p. 31)
“Beasts of England” ---an animal Utopia
Mr. Jones fires a shotgun and stops the commotion

16. Chapter (Analysis)
“Beasts of England”- the animals will finally be free from man’s domination—enjoy the fruits of their labors
The song words lead to a ‘false reality’
(Reality vs. a Dream Utopia)
Major’s simple belief is that ‘Man’ is the only reason for their evil (makes it easy for anyone non human to buy in to the situation
Idea touches on class struggle, surplus value, and domination
Idea is sincere, but it’s only a fantasy—just like . . .
Major states: “All animals are equal”
Lenin dies just as Major-leaving his work unfinished
Ch. 1=Historic to period before and during WWI
Ends with great unrest!

17. Chapter 2 (Summary) Napoleon/Snowball description (35)
The Rebellion-Animals take farm and preserve the house
Animalism
Moses-Sugar Candy Mountain
7 Commandments:
1. 2 legs is the enemy
2. 4 legs or wings is a friend
3. No clothes
4. No bed
5. No alcohol
6. Not kill any other animal
7. All animals are equal

18. Chapter 2 (Analysis) Russian Revolution Becomes very clear
Manor Farm- Part feudal, Part capitalist = Russia
Major represents Marx’s philosophy of communism, and Lenin who enacted it = Animalism
Animals=working class (esp. Boxer and Clover)
Pigs = intelligentsia (organized and controlled the Rev.)
Squealer = Propaganda
Moses = Russian Orthodox Church
Mollie = Bourgeoisie (Luxuries)
Russia began with noble ideas including moral dignity and equality-quickly gone on Animal Farm
Orwell’s description of pre-rebellion misery-social inequality and mistreatment of workers

19. Chapter 3 (Summary) “4 legs good, 2 legs bad” -
Pigs take charge/superiority-
take the milk
Raise the pups
A lot of work is done- BOXER “I will/must work harder”
Flag with hoof and horn (Russian Flag)
Snowball and Napoleon fight
Pigs take human ways
Socialists goals became meaningless tools used for control
4 legs/2 legs—what about wings?
Dog Army
Manipulation by Squealer-(p52 or last page of Chapter 3)

20. Chapter 3 (Analysis) Boxer’s (People’s) blind faith in the system
Imbalance of knowledge and literacy
Pigs/Stalin-sole guardians of Animal Farm/Russian principals
7 Commandments
Antihuman directive (no clothes), moral values (no kill other animal), utopian ideas (all animals equal)
4 legs good/2 legs bad=not part of the above ideals
Propaganda was used to ignore their own unhappiness/shift focus
Squealer = Propaganda to control the people
Satire – “Good of the State” –emphasizes Russia’s own downfall-pokes fun

21. Chapter 4 (Summary) The Short Version Battle of Cowshed
Medals: Animal Hero First Class
Snowball and Boxer

22. Chapter 4 (Analysis)
Allusion: Julius Caesar (Snowball studying JC’s campaigns)
Russian Interwar Period
Trotsky: In order for Communism to work, it has to be global
Domino Effect = Non communists become communist
Pres. Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson used this to justify military involvement in Turkey, Greece, and Vietnam
Rumors spread of Russia
People fight but don’t understand what their fighting for
Their own oppression = Irony
Orwell was (perhaps) denouncing Comm. & non-Comm.
Mr. Jones = Irresponsible/Neglect
Mr. P = Doesn’t do anything

23. Chapter 5 (Summary) Mollie decides to change sides
Napoleon/Snowball argue a lot
Each campaign for supporters
Windmill plans completed – debate over the project
Snowball is attacked and ousted
Napoleon takes power (Pig Power)
Boxer adds to his ‘catch phrase’ “I will work harder”
“Napoleon is always right”

24. Chapter 5 (Analysis) Napoleon rises as did Stalin
Snowball/Trotsky is banished
Stalin has his own secret police (intelligentsia) = Dogs
3rd World Country (p64)- Build technology/electricity
Stalin first balked at it, then adopted it as his own idea
Orwell was part of a Trotskyist group in the late 1930’s during the Spanish Civil War
Could be why Snowball is looked at in a positive manner
Importance of technological advances in Russia is essential
Much effort was put into the overall change
As previously mention-Stalin shunned it at 1st, then took it as his own

25. Chapter 6 (Summary) Work weeks were now 60hr/wk and work on Sundays
Food rations were cut
Animals eager to take more work b/c it’s for their own benefit
Mr. Whimper-Human solicitor introduced
Used to obtain outside goods needed (iron, nails, paraffin oil)
Pigs now live and sleep in farm house
Commandments changed
No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets
Storm destructs windmill
Supposed work of Snowball
Snowball is given a death sentence

26. Chapter 6 (Analysis) Government Oppression (not just in Russia)
Overworked working class
Government justified luxuries
Propaganda is used to cover up mistakes
Governments tend to blame others for their own deficiencies and wrong doings to keep their own standing
Ex: Communist Russia vs. Trotskyism
Ex: U.S.A. vs. Communism
By shifting the blame it is easy to manipulate
Orwell’s idea: Tyranny is Cyclical
More Power = More Corrupt = Become what is was in 1st place
Pigs evolve into grotesque human beings-increased resemblance of humans

27. Chapter 7 (Summary) Harsh winter w/ food shortage – Animals are misled
Humans don’t believe Snowball ruined wall-rebuilt at 3’ thick
Egg shortage- increased export/morally wrong
Hens rebel and 9 die
Snowball’s supposed visits to farm- Everything blamed on him
‘Tied’ to Pinchfield (associate of Mr. Jones)
Battle of Cowshed bravery taken away and used against him
Napoleon’s battle bravery is hyped up
Squealer’s persuasion makes them believe
Napoleon stages a purge and takes more power
Pigs are forced to falsely confess to conspiracy w/ Snowball
They are said to be ‘Trotskyists’ and immediately killed
Boxer stands up for the animals-Napoleon immediately stops Boxer
Egg rebellion confession- 3 more hens killed

28. Chapter 7 (Summary Cont.)
Boxer’s explanation of problem at hand
The fault is our own = WORK HARDER
Clover wonders how farm could have gotten like it is
Animals not smart enough to figure it out
Squealer: “No more beasts of England”
Song only applies to the rebellion-no need for rebellion now
New song with no inspiration
“Animal Farm. . .”- Glorifies the situation

29. Chapter 7 (Analysis)
Stalin’s 5 year plan for agriculture resulted in starvation of millions
Industrial production was also down
Violent tactics of oppressive governments
Massive class divisions in egalitarian/true communist society
Stalin also had ‘show trials’ (trials w/ preset outcome)
Forced people to admit Trotskyism
People tortured until admission then executed
Stalin kept a common enemy- Trotsky
Create fear for people-no one challenged his rule
Manipulated statistics- illusion that all is good/better
Fear installed b/c people believe propaganda
An indestructible dictatorship formed-far from communism

30. Chapter 8 (Summary)
No kill commandment is changed to “. . . w/out cause”
Animals work harder to rebuild windmill
Very cold winter with famine
Napoleon takes title of “Leader”
Minimus writes a poem on barn praising Napoleon
Controversy between Frederick and Pilkington w/ firewood
Windmill is finished-Mr. F. and men blow it up
Several animals are killed/Boxer is injured
Pigs get drunk
Squealer caught w/ paint brush (changing commandments)
Animals not smart enough to figure it out
Alcohol Commandment Changed to “. . . In excess”

31. Chapter 8 (Analysis)
Overall idea of manipulated rules and govt. to benefit the politically and militaristic powers
Minimus’s Poem: great irony/satire of patriotic rhetoric
Creates a misdirection (propaganda) for the public
Pilkington vs. Frederick Incident
Russia/Stalin’s back and forth nature of siding with Germany and then the Allies at the outset of WWII
@ last moment, Stalin signs a non-aggression pact with Hitler
Hitler (Frederick) betrays his word and invades Western Russia killing 25 million Russians and destroying much of the infrastructure built up during the Russian Revolution
This is known as the Battle of Stalingrad

32. Chapter 9 (Summary) Start to rebuild the Windmill Boxer grows weak
Food Shortage Evident (but not for Pigs and Dogs)
They say it’s still better than Mr. Jones’s era
Napoleon has 31 piglets w/ 4 sows-builds a schoolhouse
Spontaneous demonstrations promoting animal farm
Animal farm declared a Republic- Napoleon named Pres.
Snowball has rumored to say “Long live humanity” during the battle of cowshed
Sugar Candy Mountain stories started again by Moses
Boxer fails and collapses
Arranged for ambulance (Glue Factory)
Boxer announced as incurable and had died (False info)

33. Chapter 9 (Analysis) Blatant downfall of Animal Farm/Russia
Boxer’s death is ironic
He worked for the good of all, but is sold for the good of a few
Boxer is sold for alcohol
His death breaks a lot of commandments
Death in a Glue Factory increases the dramatic power of Orwell’s words
Russian administration exhausted its worker resources and then discarded them
Return of Moses means shift of focus of working class
Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church after WWII
Spontaneous Demonstrations= Ironic b/c they weren’t spontaneous, they were all planned out for propaganda

34. Chapter 10 (Summary)
Many years have now passed (Dead: Muriel, Pincher, Bluebell, Jessie, Mr. Jones, . . .)
Windmill is now used for corn = more $
Pigs and dogs are still in luxury
Other animals still accept the goals of the original Rebellion
This is a world free of humans with equality for animals
Squealer is now walking on his hind legs only
Sheep adopt the maxim: “4 legs good, 2 legs better”
Only 1 commandment is left!
“All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others”
Napoleon smokes pipe, others read, use radio/phone, wear clothes
Napoleon and Pilkington toast each other- No more Comrade
Name changed back to Manor Farm
Card Game-Ace of Spades played at the same time (Nap/Pilk)
No longer distinguish the card players from the humans/pigs

35. Chapter 10 (Analysis)
Totalitarian Communism (controlled by the state/dictator)
No socialism or utopia at all
Napoleon B. (France) used to be thought of as great during his conquest until he crowned himself emperor of France
Instead of abolishing aristocracy, he formed it around himself
Hope is help until the end-provides dramatic contrast
Original ideas by Major/Marx = Dream/Philosophy
Very shocking language- evolution of events
Cooperation of Russia and the West during WWII is evident
Quarrel over what both desire but can’t have is evident
WORLD DOMINATION
Banquet shows coop w/ Eng./U.S.A./Russia during WWII
Stalin dies in 1953