1. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 The Emergence, Dispersal, and Bioarchaeology of Homo sapiens

2. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Emergence of Modern Humans Anatomically – Gracile skull and postcranial anatomy – Limited development of brow ridges – Rounded cranium – Prominent mastoid process – Retracted face with a canine fossa – Small teeth and jaws – Chin

3. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Emergence of Modern Humans (cont’d) Behaviorally – Rapid pace of change in the Upper Paleolithic or Later Stone Age – Appearance of symbolic behavior

4. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Models of Modern Human Origins Replacement Models – Localized African origin – Replaced indigenous hominids – Predicts sapiens fossils in Africa first Multiregional Models – Gene flow – Repeated migration – Predicts regional lineages

5. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans Africa – 100,000 years ago (transition from Archaic H. sapiens began 200,000 years ago in Africa) Near East – 60,000 years ago Europe – 40,000 years ago Asia and Southeast Asia – 65,000 years ago Australia – 50,000 years ago

6. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Archaeology of Modern Human Origins Stone and Other Tools Blade production Microliths Subsistence Wider subsistence base Expansion into aquatic resources, including fish and shellfish

7. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Archaeology of Modern Human Origins (cont’d) Symbolism – Burials grave goods – Art and Ornamental Objects cave art petroglyphs ornamentation

8. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Molecular Genetics and Human Origins Mitochondrial DNAThe Y Chromosome Ancient DNA MRCAs MRCAs for Nuclear Genes

9. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Interpreting Models of Human Origins Paleontology and Archaeology Molecular Genetics

10. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Bioarchaeology after the Origin of Modern Humans Settlement of the New World and the Pacific Islands – The Americas Bering Land Bridge Ice free corridor Coastal routes Clovis – The Pacific Islands Sunda and Sahul (low sea levels allowed for ocean crossings between these two areas 50,000 years ago) Polynesia (beginning 3,500 years ago)

11. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Bioarchaeology after the Origin of Modern Humans (cont’d) Biological Changes at the Origins of Agriculture and Shifts to Sedentism – bioarcheologists have shown that as agriculture was adopted there were many skeletal consequences Physical and Cultural Consequences of Colonization