1. The Emergence of Human Societies, to 3000 B.C.E.
CHAPTER 1
The Emergence of Human Societies, to 3000 B.C.E.
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2. 1. Our Earliest Ancestors
A. Hominids and Cultural Adaptation
1. Hominid adaptation through intelligence
B. Foraging, Family, and Gender
1. Foraging bands
2. Family, gender, and child rearing
3. Social cooperation
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3. 1. Our Earliest Ancestors (cont’d)
C. Ice Age Migrations and Homo Sapiens
1. Migration to Eurasia
2. Evolution of Homo Sapiens
3. Development of intellectual and linguistic skills
4. Population growth
5. Migration to Australia and Americas
D. Physical and Cultural Diversity
1. A single species
2. The environment and cultural diversity
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4. 1. Our Earliest Ancestors (cont’d)
E. Paleolithic Cultural and Spiritual Perspectives
1. Symbolic and artistic expression
2. Rituals and religion
F. Intercultural Connections and Conflicts
1. Commercial connections
2. Conflict over resources
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5. 2. The Origins and Impact of Agriculture
A. The Origins of Farming and Herding
1. West Asian beginnings
2. Climate and settled agriculture
3. Settlement, population, and productivity
4. Animal husbandry
B. Agricultural Innovation and Expansion
1. Agricultural diversity and dissemination
2. Agricultural innovation
3. Farming and population growth
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6. 2. The Origins and Impact of Agriculture (cont’d)
C. Foragers, Hunter-Farmers, and Pastoral Nomads
1. Persistence of foraging and other social patterns
2. Connections between nomads and settled farmers
D. Agricultural Society: Village, Family, and Land
1. Village life
2. Growth and social complexity
3. Farming, family, and gender
E. The Impact of Agriculture
1. The disadvantages of farming
2. Surpluses
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7. 3. The Emergence of Complex Societies
A. Towns, Cities, Occupations, and Religion
1. Surplus food and urbanization
2. Economic specialization
3. The growth of organized religion
4. Political elites
B. States and Civilizations
1. Political centralization
2. The power of cities
3. Civilization and rivers
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8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Early Human Cave Art
Fossils and cultural artifacts, such as these dramatic paintings on cave walls in southern France, provide us with insights into the lives and societies of early humans (pages 8-9).

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.
Early hominid tools.

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12. The Venus of Willendorf.
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The Venus of Willendorf.

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16. Early potters and pottery in West Asia.
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Early potters and pottery in West Asia.

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