2. URINARY SYSTEM “The urinary system rids the body of nitrogen wastes while regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.” -Elaine Marieb Need to add tissue in for honors; accidently deleted

4. kidneys Urine formation by filtering blood Urine formation by filtering blood Regulates blood levels of: ions, water, pH Regulates blood levels of: ions, water, pH

5. ureters Connect kidneys to posterior bladder Peristalsis (urine) goblet cells = secretes mucous to protect cells from acidic urine,

6. Urinary bladder collapsible, muscular sac Located posterior to pubic symphysis Stores urine Sphincter = skeletal muscle Micturition: stimulated by stretch receptors to spinal cord (S2 and S3) to trigger a spinal reflex causing urination.

9. urethra Bladder to exterior Bladder to exterior Empties bladder by peristalsis Empties bladder by peristalsis Males: Males: –2 functions/2 systems: carries urine & semen

10. Urinary tract infections (UTI) More females More females Symptoms: painful urination, urinary urgency and frequency, fever, cloudy or blood-tinged urine, even back pain and severe headache Symptoms: painful urination, urinary urgency and frequency, fever, cloudy or blood-tinged urine, even back pain and severe headache Bacteria can spread and cause bladder infection or kidney infection Bacteria can spread and cause bladder infection or kidney infection

11. What is urine? Mostly water Mostly water Solutes: urea (from breakdown of protein), uric acid (from breakdown of nucleic acids), creatinine (from breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers), sodium, potassium, ammonia, Solutes: urea (from breakdown of protein), uric acid (from breakdown of nucleic acids), creatinine (from breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers), sodium, potassium, ammonia, NOT FOUND: glucose, proteins, rbc, hemoglobin, wbc, and bile NOT FOUND: glucose, proteins, rbc, hemoglobin, wbc, and bile